Changes of Swallowing Function and Oropharyngeal Muscle Mass on Sonography After Comprehensive Swallowing Therapy and Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Stroke Patients With Dysphagia

1. The inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of sonography. 2. To explore that sonography is a clinically practical tool for assessing the changes of oropharyngeal muscles mass. 3. The Comparisons the differences in clinical swallowing function, general muscle mass, and muscle strength/ sonographic findings of oropharyngeal muscles among the stroke patients with dysphagia in different swallowing training programs. 4. To investigate the associations among clinical swallowing function, general muscle mass, muscle strength and sonographic findings of oropharyngeal muscles in stroke patients with dysphagia. 5. The changes of clinical swallowing function, and muscle strength of oropharyngeal muscles in stroke patients with dysphagia after different swallowing training programs. 6. The changes in sonographic findings of oropharyngeal muscles in stroke patients with dysphagia after different swallowing training programs. 7. Effect of different swallowing therapies in clinical swallowing function, general muscle mass, and muscle strength/ sonographic findings of oropharyngeal muscles in stroke patients with dysphagia. 8. The associations between clinical swallowing function, oropharyngeal muscle strength, and sonographic findings of oropharyngeal muscles in stroke patients with dysphagia.