Trapping: The "Waterfall" of Vlasov-Poisson Dynamics and the Post-Transient Emergence of Drift-Independent Hole Structures in Collisionless Plasmas

A key aspect of structure formation in collisionless plasmas is particle trapping or, more precisely, the gap this process leaves in the theoretical description. While the dynamics prior to the onset of trapping are governed by Landau physics and phase mixing, the full effects of nonlinearity only e