Denoising Rather Than Gap Filling: Missing-Data Handling in Sparse Outdoor BLE Positioning

Received signal strength indicator (RSSI) positioning outdoors has one to two orders of magnitude fewer anchors than the indoor systems its methods come from. In the ten-day cattle-tracking deployment reported here, four gateways cover $4{,}302\,\mathrm{m}^2$, or $0.93$ anchors per $1000\,\mathrm{m}