Complications of Gonadal Veins Embolization

Gonadal veins embolization (GVE) with nitinol or platinum coils is widely used in the treatment of PeVD caused by the valvular incompetence of gonadal, parametrial, and uterine veins. Most authors report a high efficacy of this technique in reducing blood flow through the gonadal veins (GV) and relieving symptoms of the disease. In the Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) and American Venous Forum (AVF) guidelines, GVE is considered the standard of treatment for PeVD with a grade of recommendation 2B, due to the moderate quality of evidence. Moreover, other studies report about wide variability in the GVE outcomes, in terms of pelvic venous pain (PVP) elimination, persistence or intensification of pain after GVE, and coil migrations and protrusions. It is known that 6% to 32% of patients do not achieve significant pain relief after the procedure. The most studies of GVE in the treatment of PeVD are characterized by only a statement of the fact of any complication without investigating the causes of its development. At the same time, it is well known that it is a thorough study of complications that makes it possible to avoid failures in the future, to improve the therapeutic technique, or to abandon its use altogether. In this study, it is planned to conduct a retrospective analysis of patients' database, who have undergone gonadal veins embolization with nitinol coils.