Cardiac Output Assessment by Using Saline Contrast Injection

Cardiac output (CO) assessment is one of the cornerstone of hemodynamic evaluation in ICU patients. CO is usually measured using invasive methods or non-invasive methods. Thermodilution is considered as the gold standard for CO assessment. Cardiac Doppler as well demonstrated to be accurate but needs manipulations and good knowledge and skills. The investigators developed a new technique using injection of agitated saline solution to evaluate CO without any manual measurement and then observer independent.