Impact of Prebiotic Sodas on Satiety and Metabolic Responses in Healthy Men

The study aims to study healthy men aged 18-40 to explore how different beverages affect hunger, blood sugar, insulin, and a hormone called GLP-1, which helps regulate appetite and blood sugar. The tested beverages include two prebiotic sodas (Olipop and Poppi), Diet Coke, and Coca-Cola Classic. What's the study about? It aims to understand how these drinks influence how full participants feel and how the body handles sugar and hormones compared to each other. This could help us learn more about how prebiotic drinks, which may support gut health, compare to regular sugary or diet sodas. What will participants do? Participants will visit our lab at TCU (Rickel Building, rooms 256/259) four times over four weeks, with each visit lasting about 2-2.5 hours. Participants will need to fast for 8-12 hours before each visit. Here's what happens: * First visit involves participants' consent, measurement of height and weight, and performing a finger-stick test to check blood sugar and HbA1C. Participants will also fill out questionnaires about health, diet, and beverage preferences. * Visits 2-4: In visit 2, a DEXA scan will be performed to assess body composition. In visits 2-4, participants will drink one of the four beverages (in a random order, served in an unlabeled black container to prevent drink identification). Other variables measured at these time points include blood pressure, fasting glucose, insulin, and GLP-1. Participants will also complete questionnaires about hunger and how the drink tastes. Each visit is spaced out by a week, and the total time commitment is about 10.5 hours. The study is expected to complete participant recruitment by December 10, 2025. Who can join? Ten healthy men aged 18-40 who don't have diabetes, heart disease, kidney or liver issues, or other specific health conditions. Participants shouldn't smoke, vape, or have certain dietary habits like intermittent fasting. Participants will be screened to confirm eligibility. What are th