Study of Genome-associated Mechanisms of Diabetic Nephropathy and Evaluation of Nephroprotective Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the Kazakh Population

The incidence of diabetes remains a serious global health issue, demanding close attention and the development of comprehensive strategies for prevention, early diagnosis, and effective treatment . According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), in 2021, the number of people with diabetes reached 537 million, and it is projected to rise to 783 million by 2045. In the Asia-Pacific region, the number of people with diabetes has reached approximately 206 million . One of the most common complications of diabetes is diabetic nephropathy. In developed countries, such as the United States and European nations, diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease, placing a significant burden on the healthcare system. In light of this, the development of more effective methods for early detection of diabetic nephropathy remains a relevant objective. Current research focuses extensively on identifying kidney biomarkers that can signal early kidney damage in the disease's initial stages. Moreover, in recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that diabetic nephropathy has a genetic component and that susceptibility may vary among different ethnic groups. This underscores the need to develop personalized treatments that consider patients' genetic characteristics. In emerging economies, such as Kazakhstan, the issue of diabetic nephropathy is also becoming increasingly relevant. The rise in diabetes cases, especially in urban populations, has led to a growing number of chronic kidney disease cases and associated disabilities. This results in significant economic costs for the healthcare system, as the treatment of end-stage renal disease patients requires considerable resources. In Kazakhstan, a particularly important aspect is the lack of studies focused on the genetic and clinical characteristics of diabetic nephropathy in the local population. The project is particularly valuable due to its emphasis on the Kazakh population, w