Association Between Smoking Habit and Peri-implant Diseases: a Case Control Study

Although smoking has been proposed as well, as a risk factor/indicator for peri-implantitis, there is currently no conclusive evidence. The current literature confronts the inconclusive evidence of tobacco for a risk factor. Therefore, the aim of the present investigation is to determine the association between tobacco and peri-implantitis in sample of patients who had received therapy implant-supported restorative therapy in a university setting. The present study was designed as a retrospective case control study in a sample of patients with implant-supported restorative therapy 7-19 years after restorative phase. The study was conducted at the Clinica Universitaria d'Odontologia (CUO) in the Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC) for 1 month and was performed following the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (revised, amended, and clarified in 2013. Prior to enrol the study a written informed consent was signed. Patients provided with implant-supported restorative therapy between 2001-2013 was selected from the UIC database. The sample was divided in three groups: healthy patients, patients with mucositis and patients with peri-implantitis. During the examination, the clinician reviewed with the patient the Information and Medication History Forms and record the anthropometric, socio-demographic and clinical information. An initial questionnaire was conducted to obtain information regarding age, gender, medical history, medication, and health behaviour. Candidates underwent an oral pathology examination and a full-mouth probing using a standardize pressure (20N) probe SONDA PA\_ON (Orange Dental®, Aspachstr, Biberach, Germany) to determine their periodontal and peri-implant status. All statistical analyses were performed with the package RStudio (V2.5). Descriptive characteristics regarding all the covariates were summarized. Periimplant bone loss (95% Confidence Interval - 95% CI) were calculated both at implant- and at patient-level. A mul