Real-Time IoT-Driven Soil Fertility Analysis Through NPK For Enhanced Crop Yields

Soil fertility is a critical factor in ensuring healthy crop growth and agricultural productivity. Traditional methods of assessing soil fertility, which rely on laboratory testing to measure essential nutrients like Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K), are often time-consuming, labor-intensive, and impractical for small-scale farmers. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an advanced framework that combines Internet of Things (IoT) technology with an optical transducer for efficient soil fertility analysis. The optical transducer measures the absorption of light by soil, accurately detecting the presence and levels of N, P, and K. IoT-enabled sensors monitor additional parameters, such as pH, temperature, and moisture, providing comprehensive real-time data. This data is transmitted to farmers, enabling them to make timely and informed decisions regarding fertilizer application. The proposed system eliminates the need for laboratory testing, offering a faster, more cost-effective solution. By accurately identifying nutrient deficiencies and minimizing fertilizer overuse, this technology helps preserve soil health, improve crop yields, and promote sustainable farming practices. The integration of IoT and optical sensing technology represents a promising innovation in agriculture, enhancing productivity while reducing environmental impact.