Weaponizing Ground Truth: Data Poisoning Attacks by Exploiting Boundary Misalignment Between Antivirus Software and Learning-Based Detectors

Machine-learning (ML)-based malware detectors are commonly trained using labels obtained from antivirus (AV) engines and aggregation services (e.g., VirusTotal). This practice assumes AV-generated labels provide reliable supervision. However, small byte-level modifications can substantially alter AV