Springer Nature OA
open access
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0
Does Internet Voting Benefit down-Ballot Candidates? A Look at Patterns from 1992 to 2023 in Estonia
This paper examines whether candidate performance differs between paper and internet voting in Estonian parliamentary elections. We argue that differences in ballot design, voting environment, and voter composition may shape vote shares by list position. Using candidate-level data from all nine parl
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