Benefits and Costs of Integrating Sexual-Reproductive Health and HIV Services in Kenya and Swaziland

The overarching aim of the Integra Initiative is to strengthen the evidence base on the impact of integrating family planning (FP), postnatal care (PNC) and HIV services in sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, in the study the investigators aim to test the following hypotheses: the provision of integrated services, compared to separate services, will: 1. lead to increased uptake of a range of SRH services . 2. attract a greater number and diversity of clients. 3. lead to increased quality of a range of SRH services 4. lead to healthier sexual and reproductive behavior. 5. lead to reduced stigma at health facilities. 6. lead to the more efficient use of resources, with a lower unit cost of provision of key services. For the purposes of this study integration is defined as offering clients both HIV and postnatal care (PNC) or HIV and family planning (FP) services in the same visit. To better understand how services can be integrated in different countries this study focuses on two key models of integration in Kenya and Swaziland. * The first model focuses on integration of FP and HIV services (integrated FP model) and entails performing HIV testing, STI screening and management, cervical cancer screening, condom promotion within FP consultations, as well as active referral to antiretroviral (ART) units for HIV-positive clients. The FP model will be evaluated in Kenya only. * The second model focuses on integration of PNC and HIV services (integrated PNC model) and will be implemented in both Kenya and Swaziland. The model focuses on the provision of PNC services to mother and baby, FP services, repeat HIV testing for mother, HIV testing for infant and referral to HIV services for HIV positive mothers and infants, as well as referrals for clients requiring other additional services.