Critical Mineral Dependence and the Threat of Depletion: Implications for Advanced Technology

Abstract Advanced technologies—ranging from smartphones to electric vehicles and solar infrastructure—are critically dependent on finite mineral resources such as lithium, cobalt, copper, rare earth elements, and nickel. This paper explores the implications of global mineral depletion, assesses potential consequences, and examines adaptive strategies through recycling, material substitution, and novel sources including urban mining and space-based extraction. The analysis draws on recent assessments by the International Energy Agency (IEA), World Economic Forum, OECD, and UN, and incorporates technological, economic, and policy perspectives.