Assessment of Volume Status by Doppler US

Fluid are used to increase cardiac output (CO) and blood pressure in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) .Fluid is an important line of therapy that needed in shocked patient, hypovolemic and following surgery to correct the volume state and avoid acute kidney injury. However, excess fluid administration may be harmful leading itself to increase rates of acute kidney injury (AKI), prolonged days of mechanical ventilation and death . Excess fluid administration may increase right and left atrial pressure leading to congestion and edema.