CAMEO: A Class-Activation-Mapped Equitable Overlay Framework for Fair and Robust Deep Learning-based Skin Condition Diagnosis

Deep learning classifiers for dermoscopic skin lesions often reach high in-distribution accuracy while quietly relying on spurious background cues such as skin tone, device vignetting, and embedded rulers, rather than on lesion morphology. This undermines robustness and fairness across skin tones. T