Improving Functional Outcomes of Veterans With PTSD and Tobacco Dependence

Veterans with PTSD have high rates of smoking (34%-86% vs. 18% in the general population) and have substantial difficulties with quitting tobacco. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality associated with smoking, no smoking cessation treatments exist that intensively target PTSD symptoms as an obstacle to quit smoking, although this is a significant barrier to quitting for many Veterans. In addition, no smoking cessation treatments have a large emphasis on improving the functioning of Veterans with PTSD and tobacco dependence, although both PTSD and tobacco use negatively affect functioning across physical, mental health, and social domains. The goal of this SPiRE project is to evaluate Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Veterans with PTSD and Tobacco Use (ACT-PT), which is an acceptance and mindfulness-based smoking cessation treatment for Veterans with PTSD and tobacco dependence. ACT-PT specifically targets smoking cravings related to PTSD symptoms and memories of trauma, in addition to difficulties managing PTSD symptoms. negative affect and nicotine withdrawal symptoms during quit attempts. ACT-PT includes structured intervention components that guide Veterans to replace smoking as a coping strategy for PTSD symptoms and memories with alternative coping strategies (e.g., mindfulness, acceptance). And healthy living activities (e.g., engaging in work, expanding social networks, engaging in physical exercise) that are consistent with Veterans' values. This project involves a small randomized clinical trial study of Veteran smokers with PTSD and tobacco dependence randomized to one of two different types of psychosocial treatment: ACT-PT versus the American Lung Association's Freedom From Smoking Program \[FFS\]. This study has two primary aims: 1) evaluate the relative feasibility and acceptability of the two interventions (including ease of recruitment, randomization proportion, staff and Veteran acceptance of the treatment, retention rates, treatmen