Clinical, Prospective, Non-profit, Non-pharmacological Study on Geass Healing Abutment: Microbiological, Histological, and Immuno-histochemical Evaluation.

The health of peri-implant soft tissues is important for the long-term success rate of dental implants and the surface topography is pivotal in influencing it. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate, in human patients, the inflammatory mucosal microenvironment in the tissue surrounding a new, nanoscale, laser-treated healing abutment characterized by engineered nanopores versus a standard machined-surface. The prospective clinical study will evaluate the effect of the presence of a laser-etched surface in the coronal portion of healing stumps in forming the coronal seal and reducing the accumulation of bacterial plaque around it. The screws will serve as their own control group since they have both a laser-etched and a smooth portion. Primary objective: To evaluate the adhesion of fibroblastic cells from the peri-implant mucosa on the surface of the healing stump through scanning electron microscope analysis, expressed in terms of the area covered by the cells. Secondary objectives: To evaluate the amount of bacterial adhesion around healing stumps with a laser-etched and smooth altered surface through scanning electron microscope analysis, expressed in terms of the area covered by the cells. To evaluate the presence of hemidesmosomal structures through the expression of α-6 and β-4 integrins. To evaluate bacterial adhesion on healing screws. To evaluate the healing of peri-implant soft tissues through clinical indices, such as Plaque Index and Gingival Index. The healing period was 12 ± 4 weeks (T1) before the second surgical procedure, during which all healing abutments were placed. To prevent allocation bias among patients, each healing abutment was designed with two surfaces that alternated between laser-treated/machined and ma-chined/laser-treated. The experimental healing abutment was removed after 30 ± 7 days, which coincided with the soft tissue biopsy.