Real-world Association Between Concomitant Beta-blocker Exposure and Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Treatment Outcomes in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

This retrospective real-world cohort study evaluated whether concomitant long-term beta-blocker exposure during routine clinical care was associated with clinical outcomes in patients with advanced NSCLC who received standard anti-PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy. Patients were categorized according to documented concomitant long-term beta-blocker exposure during the treatment course. Clinical outcomes, including progression-free survival, objective response rate, and overall survival, were compared between exposure groups. This was a non-interventional observational study; anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment and beta-blocker use were determined by routine clinical practice rather than by the study protocol.