Effectiveness of Virtual Reality in Parkinson's Disease: Effects on Balance, Fall Risk, and Exercise Capacity.

The goal of this clinical trial is to evaluate whether immersive virtual reality (VR)-based physiotherapy is effective in improving balance, reducing fall risk, and enhancing cardiorespiratory exercise capacity in individuals with Parkinson's disease. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does immersive VR therapy improve postural balance more effectively than conventional physiotherapy? Does immersive VR reduce fall risk and increase cardiorespiratory fitness compared with standard physiotherapy? Researchers will compare an immersive VR intervention with conventional physiotherapy to determine whether VR can produce superior functional and physiological outcomes in patients with Parkinson's disease. Participants will: Be randomly assigned (1:1) to an experimental group (immersive VR therapy) or a control group (conventional physiotherapy). Take part in structured physiotherapy sessions focused on balance, mobility, and functional capacity. Undergo pre- and post-intervention assessments of balance, fall risk, cardiorespiratory exercise capacity, and quality of life. This randomized controlled trial (RCT) with parallel assignment will include 50 participants (25 per group). Randomization will be performed using the OxMaR (Oxford Minimization and Randomization) software, which enables adaptive randomization to ensure balanced baseline characteristics between groups. Secondary objectives include evaluating the impact of immersive VR on health-related quality of life and comparing treatment adherence between VR-based and conventional physiotherapy interventions.