Dexmedetomidine or Lidocaine for Lessening the Hemodynamic Responses to Laryngoscopy and Intubation

Laryngoscopy, tracheal intubation, surgical stimulation, and extubation unleash remarkable sympathetic activity and are associated with transient but significant hemodynamic changes. The need to blunt these noxious responses effectively has led to using several techniques and pharmacological agents, local anesthetics, beta-adrenergic-blockers, calcium channel antagonists, and opioids with varied success. This study aims to evaluate the effect of nebulized and intravenous either dexmedetomidine or lidocaine for attenuating the hemodynamic responses to laryngoscopy and intubation.