The Role of Granulation Tissue in Periodontal Regeneration

The goal of this observational study is to distinguish the infectious, healing, and regeneration-related characteristics of two types of gingival granulation tissues, namely infra-osseous and supra-osseous granulation tissues, in people with severe periodontitis (gum disease). Researchers aim to denote if these tissues may play role in healing after periodontal treatment. Researchers will also compare smokers and non-smokers to see if smoking disrupts the healing potential or infectious properties of granulation tissue. Participants will provide gingival fluid (before) and granulation tissue samples (at the time of) periodontal surgery. The main questions this study aims to answer are: 1. Do infra- and supra-osseous granulation tissues have different healing potential and infectious properties? 2. How do these tissues differ in people who smoke compared to people who do not smoke?