IZA Discussion Papers
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DP18983: Cultural Barriers, Structural Transformation, and Demographic Transition: Evidence from the 1989 Bulgarian--Turkish Refugee Inflow
We ask whether cultural constraints are a development bottleneck in conservative middle-income economies, limiting women's entry into manufacturing and slowing fertility decline and human-capital accumulation. We exploit the 1989 forced migration of ethnic Turks from Bulgaria to Turkiye. Refugee wom
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