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GDPR Fines in Europe: Concentration, Enforcement Patterns, and Implications

Lorena Granada R. · 2025
OpenAlex · Papers · License: CC BY 4.0 · 2025
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businesscorporate-governanceenforcementeuropean-unionlicense
This report analyzes the distribution of cumulative GDPR fines across European countries, revealing a highly concentrated enforcement landscape. Using publicly available GDPR enforcement data aggregated by country, the analysis shows that a small number of jurisdictions, most notably Ireland and Lux
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