AI-ECG for Preoperative Cardiovascular Risk Stratification Before General Surgery

This randomized controlled trial evaluates whether an artificial intelligence-enhanced electrocardiography (AI-ECG)-based strategy for preoperative cardiovascular risk stratification is noninferior to usual care in patients undergoing elective general surgery. Eligible patients are randomly assigned to either an AI-ECG-guided preoperative assessment strategy or usual preoperative care. The primary outcome is the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) within 30 days after surgery, defined as a composite of all-cause death, ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia or cardiac arrest, non-fatal myocardial infarction, unplanned revascularization (PCI or CABG), mechanical ventilation for ≥3 days, and acute heart failure requiring intravenous diuretics. Secondary outcomes include the rate of preoperative cardiac imaging and functional testing (echocardiography, coronary CT, SPECT, stress test), the rate of preoperative cardiology consultation, length of hospital stay, direct medical costs, and the time required for preoperative evaluation. The study aims to determine whether AI-ECG can safely guide preoperative cardiovascular evaluation while reducing unnecessary testing, resource use, and cost.