Establishing an in Vitro Model of Astrocyte Activation in Ischemic Traumatic Brain Injury: Therapeutic Synergy of Melatonin and Oxygen Nanobubbles

Secondary injury following ischemic traumatic brain injury (TBI) is heavily driven by neurovascular dysfunction involving endothelial damage, astrocyte reactivity, inflammation, and hypoxic stress, among other contributing pathophysiological processes. Here, we establish a mechanistically informativ