Evaluation of Transthoracic Echocardiography Parameters and Their Changes in Blood Donor Volunteers

This study investigates the impact of blood donation on transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) parameters in healthy volunteers, aiming to enhance the understanding of hemodynamic changes associated with mild blood loss and assess non-invasive monitoring techniques for early hemorrhage detection. Conducted as a prospective, interventional study with minimal risk, this research is designed to simulate a controlled hemorrhage in a civilian setting, using voluntary blood donation as a model to study the physiological effects of blood loss of approximately 6 mL/kg. Rationale and Background Hemorrhagic shock is a leading cause of preventable death in trauma patients, particularly among younger populations. The ability to rapidly detect and quantify blood loss is crucial in trauma management, as delayed or excessive resuscitation can lead to adverse outcomes, including multi-organ failure and coagulopathy. Traditional methods of monitoring blood volume and cardiac output, such as invasive catheterization or imaging techniques like CT scans, may not be feasible or practical in prehospital settings. TTE, particularly the measurement of the aortic time-velocity integral (TVI) using Doppler echocardiography, presents a non-invasive and potentially valuable tool for assessing cardiac output and detecting early hemodynamic changes due to blood loss. Primary Objective The primary objective of this study is to evaluate whether the aortic TVI decreases by at least 10% following a controlled blood volume reduction during blood donation. This decrease in TVI could serve as a reliable marker of reduced cardiac output and might allow clinicians to detect mild to moderate blood loss in trauma patients non-invasively. Secondary Objectives The study also aims to examine additional echocardiographic parameters that may indicate changes in hemodynamic status following blood loss. Secondary objectives include measuring changes in: Shock index (SI), calculated as the ratio of heart rate t