Integrating Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) Modeling and Random Forest-Based Feature Importance Ranking to Assess Soil Erosion Risk and Spatial Variability of Pb in a Tropical Post-Tin Mining Landscape

Open-pit tin mining transforms tropical landscapes into heterogeneous Technosols that are vulnerable to soil degradation and heavy-metal redistribution. This study integrated the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Random Forest-Based Feature Importance Ranking (RF) to assess spatial er