Study on the Incidence and Risk Factors of Systemic Arterial Gas Embolism in Bronchoscopy Procedures

Systemic Arterial Gas Embolism (SAGE) is a rare but fatal complication characterized by the accidental entry of gas into the left heart system, which then travels through the systemic arterial circulation, leading to embolisms in critical organs such as the brain and heart. Compared to venous gas embolism, SAGE can cause catastrophic outcomes, such as acute cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction, or even death, with only a minimal volume of gas. Furthermore, recent studies have found that even subclinical micro-emboli, while not causing typical infarction symptoms, may activate inflammatory responses and the complement system, leading to long-term risks such as postoperative cognitive dysfunction. The potential impact of SAGE is far broader and more severe than previously recognized. Bronchoscopy is a cornerstone in the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory diseases, with increasingly widespread applications. Theoretically, procedures involving the lungs-as gas-containing hollow organs-carry the highest risk of SAGE, especially during invasive interventions. Although the incidence of SAGE has been reported to be as high as 4.8% in similar procedures such as CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsy, far exceeding traditional perceptions, the risks associated with bronchoscopy have not received sufficient attention. Currently, reports of SAGE during bronchoscopy are limited to sporadic cases, and there is a lack of systematic prospective studies. As a result, the true incidence, high-risk procedural steps, and definitive risk factors remain unknown, leaving clinical diagnosis and prevention without evidence-based guidance. To address this research gap, this study is designed as a prospective observational cohort study. It will be conducted at the Laoshan Branch of the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University and plans to enroll approximately 500 adult patients undergoing diagnostic or therapeutic bronchoscopy. This study will innovatively combine two non-invasive, h