CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THE PERSONAL LAW AND NATIONALITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS | Zenodo Skip to main Communities My dashboard Log in Sign up Published April 18, 2026 | Version v1 Publication Open CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING THE PERSONAL LAW AND NATIONALITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Authors/Creators Abdukodirov, Abdurauf Description Abstract: This paper examines the four principal criteria employed in private international law to determine the personal law (lex societatis) and nationality of legal entities engaged in cross-border civil transactions: the incorporation criterion, the seat (domicile) criterion, the center of exploitation criterion, and the control criterion. Through comparative analysis of national legislation, bilateral investment treaties, tax conventions, and international arbitration practice, the paper demonstrates that no single criterion is adequate when applied in isolation. Each mechanism presents distinct advantages and limitations—the incorporation criterion affords predictability but enables forum shopping; the seat criterion protects creditors and employees but complicates cross-border relocation; the exploitation center criterion serves developing-state interests yet proves unstable; and the control criterion effectively identifies beneficial ownership but is unsuited as a standalone conflict-of-laws connector. Drawing on the experience of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the European Union, the WTO, and the Eurasian Economic Union, the paper concludes with legislative proposals for Uzbekistan’s Civil Code aimed at complementing the incorporation criterion with additional connecting factors. Files ICSEL 0435.pdf Files (393.0 kB) Name Size Download all ICSEL 0435.pdf md5:9e0d7c19f423d1fba2e81c9f0a669a77 393.0 kB Preview Download 40 Views 19 Downloads Show more details All versions This version Views Total views 40 40 Downloads Total downloads 19 19 Data volume Total data volume 7.9 MB 7.9 MB More info on how stats are collected.... Versions External resources Indexed in OpenAIRE Communities Details DOI DOI Badge DOI 10.5281/zenodo.19642186 Markdown [](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19642186) reStructuredText .. image:: https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.19642186.svg :target: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19642186 HTML <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19642186"><img src="https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.19642186.svg" alt="DOI"></a> Image URL https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.19642186.svg Target URL https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19642186 Resource type Publication Publisher Zenodo Published in INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE, EDUCATION & LAW, 2(4), 133-139, 2026. Rights License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International The Creative Commons Attribution license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited. Read more Citation Export Technical metadata Created April 18, 2026 Modified April 18, 2026 Jump up About About Policies Infrastructure Principles Projects Roadmap Contact Blog Blog Support Help FAQ Developers REST API OAI-PMH Contribute GitHub Donate Funded by Powered by CERN Data Centre & InvenioRDM Status Privacy policy Cookie policy Terms of Use This site uses cookies. Find out more on how we use cookies Accept all cookies Accept only essential cookies