PRospective Observational Study of STereotactic Body rAdiation Therapy With Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Organ-confined High-risk Prostate Cancer: the PROSTAR Trial

Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the second most common malignancy and the 5th common cause of cancer-related mortality in men worldwide. The majority of patients with PCa is diagnosed with potentially curable disease and its management includes different approaches, such as surgery, Radiation Therapy (RT) and Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT), for exclusive use or in combination each other. Randomized clinical trials have shown that moderate hypofractionated RT (i.e., 2.5-4 Gy per fraction) has become a valid alternative to conventionally fractionated RT in patients with PCa. The rationale of hypofractionation is based on the strong radiobiological evidence of the low α/β ratio of PCa cells (1.5-2 Gy) and the greater sensitivity to high dose per fraction. Data suggests that prostate Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) is an alternative treatment strategy for localized PCa with promising results in terms of disease control and toxicity, not inferior to conventionally fractionated RT. A systematic review of over 6000 men underwent prostate SBRT on prospective studies has demonstrated that this treatment provides favorable patient's quality of life, excellent disease control, and results in minimal serious acute or late toxicity. Almost all the published studies, investigated the role of SBRT for organ-confined low- and intermediate favorable-risk disease. However, the HYPO-RT-PC trial addressed the role of SBRT in the context of unfavorable localized PCa. In this non-inferiority, phase III multicenter trial 1200 patients with either intermediate or high risk PCa were enrolled. The aim of the study was to demonstrate that SBRT (42.7 Gy in 7 fractions, 3 days per week, for 2.5 weeks) is non-inferior to conventional fractionation (78 Gy in 39 fractions, 5 days per week for 8 weeks) regarding failure-free survival, without significant differences in late normal tissues complications. Failure-free survival at 5 years was 84% in both treatment arms; adjusted HR was 1.002,