MR Lymphography and Magnetic Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Melanoma Patients

The sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) are the first lymph nodes (LNs) to drain the tumor site and therefore the first LNs to bare metastases. Hence the importance to investigate these LNs for the best treatment strategy. Current-standard-of-care for melanoma patients with a melanoma stage of pT1b or higher, involve a surgical procedure, referred to as SLN biopsy (SLNB). The SLNB procedure involves a combined detection procedure using a radio-active tracer and blue dye followed by surgical dissection and evaluation of the LNs at the histopathology department. Due to the use of radioisotopes, this procedure suffers from several disadvantages such as limited availability, strict rules and regulations, degradation time in patient and radioactive load for user and patient. To overcome the limitations of a radioactive tracer, a magnetic SLNB was developed which is facilitated by super paramagnetic iron-oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. This potentially offers numerous benefits making surgery planning more flexible: no exposure to radiation, easy accessibility of the tracer, long shelf life and long half time in the patient. However, the currently available magnetometer for intraoperative detection of SPIO-enhanced LNs is hampered by a relatively low detection depth, biological noise, and effects of surgical equipment. Therefore, surgeons need to switch to plastic or carbon equipment and the system needs to be balanced prior to each measurement, which increases the surgery time. A new and effective way to localize SPIOs is differential magnetometry (DiffMag). This patented detection principle, developed by MD\&I group at University of Twente (UT), utilizes the nonlinear magnetic response of nanoparticles. An additional advantage of SPIOs is their visibility on MRI, which could provide mapping the SLNs preoperatively. Especially in patients with melanomas on the abdomen or back this would be very useful to see which lymph node stations are connected to the melanoma. In addition, stud