Smoking habits are associated with blunted cortisol response, but not with cortisol recovery in the Trier Social Stress Test-Online

Background: In Japan, alcohol, tobacco, coffee, and tea are categorized as “Shikohin” (i.e., non-nutritious items consumed for flavor). Shikohin provides a culturally grounded lens for examining health-related behaviors like smoking. Using it as a framework, I hypothesized that participants with hig