The Effect of Breathing Exercises and the Valsalva Maneuver on Pain Reduction During Peripheral Intravenous Catheterization

Peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion is a painful procedure due to its invasive nature. During the procedure, damage to the endothelial layer and improper interventions can further increase pain levels. Additionally, pain can cause vasoconstriction, negatively affecting venous filling and reducing the success rate of IV catheter insertion. Both pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods are used to alleviate invasive pain associated with PIVC. However, pharmacological methods are often considered disadvantageous due to their high cost, potential adverse effects, and increased medication use. In contrast, non-pharmacological approaches are preferred as they are cost-effective, have fewer side effects, and pose a lower risk of complications.