Assessing JULES across bioclimatic domains through a Pan-African flux tower evaluation: Insights into controls on gross primary productivity, ecosystem respiration, and evapotranspiration biases

Land surface models are fundamental for simulating coupled carbon, water and energy exchanges in Earth system models, yet their performance remains poorly constrained across Africa's diverse hydroclimatic gradients. We evaluate the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) using eddy covariance ob