Electric vehicle lithium ion battery charging system and method — Sf Motors, Inc. (US11001155B2)
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ABSTRACT
Abstract
Systems and method manage battery charging of a battery of an electric vehicle are described herein. The system can include a battery management system. The battery management system can receive current battery characteristics and conditions. Based on the battery characteristics and conditions, the battery management system can select a charging profile from a plurality of charging profiles. Based on the selected charging profile, the battery management system can set a rate for charging the battery.
Description
BACKGROUND
Vehicles such as automobiles can include batteries that provide power to components of the vehicle. The amount of power or the duration of power supplied by the battery can vary.
SUMMARY
According to at least one aspect of the disclosure a system to manage battery charging of an electric vehicle can include a data repository in communication with a battery management system. The data repository can store a plurality of charging profiles for a battery of the electric vehicle. Each of the plurality of charging profiles indicating a charging rate (e.g., C-rate) for charging the battery of the electric vehicle. The system can include a first sensor of the electric vehicle to determine a temperature value to indicate a temperature of a battery environment. The system can include a second sensor of the electric vehicle to determine a current value to indicate a current flow of the battery of the electric vehicle. The battery management system can include one or more processors. The battery management system can receive the temperature value and the current value. The battery management system can determine a state of charge of the battery of the electric vehicle. The battery management system can select a charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the state of charge of the battery, the temperature value and the current value. The battery management system can set a C-rate to charge the battery of the electric vehicle based on the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles.
According to at least one aspect of the disclosure a method to manage battery charging of an electric vehicle can include retrieving, from a data repository by a battery management system of the electric vehicle, a plurality of charging profiles for a battery of the electric vehicle. Each of the plurality of charging profiles can indicate a C-rate for charging to the battery of the electric vehicle. The method can include receiving, by the battery management system, a temperature value to indicate a temperature of a battery environment. The method can include determining, by the battery management system, a state of charge of the battery of the electric vehicle. The method can include selecting, by the battery management system, a charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the state of charge of the battery and the temperature of the battery environment. The method can include setting a C-rate of the battery of the electric vehicle based on the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles.
At least one aspect is directed to an electric vehicle. The electric vehicle includes a battery management system to manage battery charging of the electric vehicle. The battery management system can include a data repository in communication with a battery management system. The data repository can store a plurality of charging profiles for a battery of the electric vehicle. Each of the plurality of charging profiles indicating a charging rate (e.g., C-rate) for charging the battery of the electric vehicle. The system can include a first sensor of the electric vehicle to determine a temperature value to indicate a temperature of a battery environment. The system can include a second sensor of the electric vehicle to determine a current value to indicate a current flow of the battery of the electric vehicle. The battery management system can include one or more processors. The battery management system can receive the temperature value and the current value. The battery management system can determine a state of charge of the battery of the electric vehicle. The battery management system can select a charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the state of charge of the battery, the temperature value and the current value. The battery management system can set a C-rate to charge the battery of the electric vehicle based on the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles.
These and other aspects and implementations are discussed in detail below. The foregoing information and the following detailed description include illustrative examples of various aspects and implementations and provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed aspects and implementations. The drawings provide illustration and a further understanding of the various aspects and implementations and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example system to manage battery performance of an electric vehicle;
FIG. 2 illustrates an example method 200 to manage battery performance;
FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an example three-electrode cell;
FIG. 4 illustrates an example lookup table; and
FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Following below are more detailed descriptions of various concepts related to, and implementations of, methods, apparatuses, and systems of managing battery performance of a vehicle. The various concepts introduced above and discussed in greater detail below may be implemented in any of numerous ways.
The present disclosure is directed to managing battery performance of an electric vehicle by controlling the charging conditions of the battery. Charging of electric vehicle lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cells can be challenging due to constraints related to performance or degradation of the battery. For example, under some conditions (e.g., at specific temperatures), charging of the Li-ion battery can cause the deposition of lithium onto the anode of the battery. Lithium deposition on the anode can lead to performance degradation such as, shorter charging cycles, shorter battery life, or internal short-circuiting of the cell. The internal short-circuiting of the cell can lead to heat generation that can cause battery cell failure. The lithium deposition can also lead to degradation mechanisms such as loss of lithium inventory, increased cell impedance, and loss of electrical contact within the anode, among others. Detecting lithium deposition can be difficult in-situ. Additionally, testing or detecting lithium deposition in-situ can be cost and space-prohibitive because it can be difficult to add the sensors to functioning batteries need to detect lithium plating. Accordingly, battery management systems may not consider the battery's current conditions when setting charging rates, such as C-rates, which can lead to degradation and performance issues of the battery.
The battery management system described herein can include a plurality of charging profiles. The battery management system can select a charging profile based on current environmental and battery conditions and charge the battery based on the selected charging profile. The charging profile can include charging rate, C-rate, or other charging characteristics. The battery management system can receive input signals from one or more sensors that can enable the battery management system to model lithium deposition and select a charging profile based the data from the one or more sensors. Based on the selected charging profile, the battery management system can set the C-rate (or applied current/current density) for charging the battery. The battery management system can limit the charge current based on the charging profile to taper the current as the charging conditions approach conditions where lithium deposition may occur. The C-rate can be a normalized charging rate. The C-rate can be normalized against the battery's capacity. The C-rate can be a measure of the rate at which the battery can be charged or discharged relative to the battery's maximum capacity. For example, at a 1C C-rate, a battery will discharge the entirety of the battery's capacity in 1 hour.
FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example system 100 to manage battery performance of an electric vehicle. The system 100 can include at least one electric vehicle 114 . The electric vehicle 114 can refer to any type of vehicle or automobile such as cars, trucks, vans, sports utility vehicles, motorcycles, self-driving vehicle, driver assist vehicle, electric vehicle, hybrid vehicle, or fossil fuel powered vehicle. The electric vehicle 114 can include at least one battery management system 102 to measure battery and environmental conditions and select parameters to change the battery. The battery management system 102 can include at least one interface 104 for interacting with components of the electric vehicle 114 . The battery management system 102 can include at least one battery controller component 112 that can be executed by at least one processor 126 . The battery management system 102 can include at least one data repository 106 that can include one or more charging profiles 108 and measurement values 110 . The electric vehicle 114 can include sensors, such as one or more temperature sensor 116 and one or more battery controller component 112 . The electric vehicle 114 can include one or more batteries 120 and one or more charging regulators 118 . The batteries 120 of the electric vehicle 114 can be charged by at least one charging station 124 .
The system 100 can include a battery management system 102 . The battery management system 102 can be configured, designed, constructed, or operational to receive inputs (e.g., electrical characteristics of the battery 120 and temperature values) and select a charging profile based on the inputs. The battery management system 102 can configure the charging regulator 118 to charge the battery 120 based on the selected charging profile. For example, the battery management system 102 can set a C-rate for charging the battery 120 based on the one or more inputs.
The battery management system 102 can include one or more interfaces 104 , one or more processors 126 , and one or more battery controller components 112 . The battery management system 102 can include (or can have access to) a data repository 106 in which charging profiles 108 and measurement values 110 are stored. The <figure-callout id="102" label="
BACKGROUND
Vehicles such as automobiles can include batteries that provide power to components of the vehicle. The amount of power or the duration of power supplied by the battery can vary.
SUMMARY
According to at least one aspect of the disclosure a system to manage battery charging of an electric vehicle can include a data repository in communication with a battery management system. The data repository can store a plurality of charging profiles for a battery of the electric vehicle. Each of the plurality of charging profiles indicating a charging rate (e.g., C-rate) for charging the battery of the electric vehicle. The system can include a first sensor of the electric vehicle to determine a temperature value to indicate a temperature of a battery environment. The system can include a second sensor of the electric vehicle to determine a current value to indicate a current flow of the battery of the electric vehicle. The battery management system can include one or more processors. The battery management system can receive the temperature value and the current value. The battery management system can determine a state of charge of the battery of the electric vehicle. The battery management system can select a charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the state of charge of the battery, the temperature value and the current value. The battery management system can set a C-rate to charge the battery of the electric vehicle based on the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles.
According to at least one aspect of the disclosure a method to manage battery charging of an electric vehicle can include retrieving, from a data repository by a battery management system of the electric vehicle, a plurality of charging profiles for a battery of the electric vehicle. Each of the plurality of charging profiles can indicate a C-rate for charging to the battery of the electric vehicle. The method can include receiving, by the battery management system, a temperature value to indicate a temperature of a battery environment. The method can include determining, by the battery management system, a state of charge of the battery of the electric vehicle. The method can include selecting, by the battery management system, a charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the state of charge of the battery and the temperature of the battery environment. The method can include setting a C-rate of the battery of the electric vehicle based on the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles.
At least one aspect is directed to an electric vehicle. The electric vehicle includes a battery management system to manage battery charging of the electric vehicle. The battery management system can include a data repository in communication with a battery management system. The data repository can store a plurality of charging profiles for a battery of the electric vehicle. Each of the plurality of charging profiles indicating a charging rate (e.g., C-rate) for charging the battery of the electric vehicle. The system can include a first sensor of the electric vehicle to determine a temperature value to indicate a temperature of a battery environment. The system can include a second sensor of the electric vehicle to determine a current value to indicate a current flow of the battery of the electric vehicle. The battery management system can include one or more processors. The battery management system can receive the temperature value and the current value. The battery management system can determine a state of charge of the battery of the electric vehicle. The battery management system can select a charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the state of charge of the battery, the temperature value and the current value. The battery management system can set a C-rate to charge the battery of the electric vehicle based on the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles.
These and other aspects and implementations are discussed in detail below. The foregoing information and the following detailed description include illustrative examples of various aspects and implementations and provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed aspects and implementations. The drawings provide illustration and a further understanding of the various aspects and implementations and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example system to manage battery performance of an electric vehicle;
FIG. 2 illustrates an example method 200 to manage battery performance;
FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an example three-electrode cell;
FIG. 4 illustrates an example lookup table; and
FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of an example computer system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Following below are more detailed descriptions of various concepts related to, and implementations of, methods, apparatuses, and systems of managing battery performance of a vehicle. The various concepts introduced above and discussed in greater detail below may be implemented in any of numerous ways.
The present disclosure is directed to managing battery performance of an electric vehicle by controlling the charging conditions of the battery. Charging of electric vehicle lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery cells can be challenging due to constraints related to performance or degradation of the battery. For example, under some conditions (e.g., at specific temperatures), charging of the Li-ion battery can cause the deposition of lithium onto the anode of the battery. Lithium deposition on the anode can lead to performance degradation such as, shorter charging cycles, shorter battery life, or internal short-circuiting of the cell. The internal short-circuiting of the cell can lead to heat generation that can cause battery cell failure. The lithium deposition can also lead to degradation mechanisms such as loss of lithium inventory, increased cell impedance, and loss of electrical contact within the anode, among others. Detecting lithium deposition can be difficult in-situ. Additionally, testing or detecting lithium deposition in-situ can be cost and space-prohibitive because it can be difficult to add the sensors to functioning batteries need to detect lithium plating. Accordingly, battery management systems may not consider the battery's current conditions when setting charging rates, such as C-rates, which can lead to degradation and performance issues of the battery.
The battery management system described herein can include a plurality of charging profiles. The battery management system can select a charging profile based on current environmental and battery conditions and charge the battery based on the selected charging profile. The charging profile can include charging rate, C-rate, or other charging characteristics. The battery management system can receive input signals from one or more sensors that can enable the battery management system to model lithium deposition and select a charging profile based the data from the one or more sensors. Based on the selected charging profile, the battery management system can set the C-rate (or applied current/current density) for charging the battery. The battery management system can limit the charge current based on the charging profile to taper the current as the charging conditions approach conditions where lithium deposition may occur. The C-rate can be a normalized charging rate. The C-rate can be normalized against the battery's capacity. The C-rate can be a measure of the rate at which the battery can be charged or discharged relative to the battery's maximum capacity. For example, at a 1C C-rate, a battery will discharge the entirety of the battery's capacity in 1 hour.
FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of an example system 100 to manage battery performance of an electric vehicle. The system 100 can include at least one electric vehicle 114 . The electric vehicle 114 can refer to any type of vehicle or automobile such as cars, trucks, vans, sports utility vehicles, motorcycles, self-driving vehicle, driver assist vehicle, electric vehicle, hybrid vehicle, or fossil fuel powered vehicle. The electric vehicle 114 can include at least one battery management system 102 to measure battery and environmental conditions and select parameters to change the battery. The battery management system 102 can include at least one interface 104 for interacting with components of the electric vehicle 114 . The battery management system 102 can include at least one battery controller component 112 that can be executed by at least one processor 126 . The battery management system 102 can include at least one data repository 106 that can include one or more charging profiles 108 and measurement values 110 . The electric vehicle 114 can include sensors, such as one or more temperature sensor 116 and one or more battery controller component 112 . The electric vehicle 114 can include one or more batteries 120 and one or more charging regulators 118 . The batteries 120 of the electric vehicle 114 can be charged by at least one charging station 124 .
The system 100 can include a battery management system 102 . The battery management system 102 can be configured, designed, constructed, or operational to receive inputs (e.g., electrical characteristics of the battery 120 and temperature values) and select a charging profile based on the inputs. The battery management system 102 can configure the charging regulator 118 to charge the battery 120 based on the selected charging profile. For example, the battery management system 102 can set a C-rate for charging the battery 120 based on the one or more inputs.
The battery management system 102 can include one or more interfaces 104 , one or more processors 126 , and one or more battery controller components 112 . The battery management system 102 can include (or can have access to) a data repository 106 in which charging profiles 108 and measurement values 110 are stored. The battery management system 102 , or one or more component thereof, can include hardware or a combination of hardware and software. For example, the battery management system 102 can include communications buses, circuitry, communications interfaces, among others. The battery management system 102 can reside in totality or in part on or within a vehicle (e.g., vehicle 114 ), on a computing device, on a server, or other location or hardware infrastructure to facilitate vehicle or battery control, design, or manufacturing. For example, the battery controller component 112 can be a component of a remote server. For example, one or more charging profiles 108 can be stored remotely from the electric vehicle 114 (e.g., in a remote server). The battery management system 102 can collect measurement values 110 , which the battery management system 102 can transmit to the remote server. The components of the battery controller component 112 located at the remote server can remotely process the measurement values 110 and return a control signal to the components of the battery management system 102 located at the electric vehicle 114 for setting the charging regulator 118 . The charging regulator can control the C-rate (or other charging characteristic) from the charging station 124 to the battery 120 .
The battery management system 102 can include one or more battery controller components 112 . The battery controller component 112 can be or include an application, applet, script, service, daemon, routine, or other executable logic to control the charging of the battery 120 by the charging station 124 . The battery controller component 112 can be referred to as a main component, orchestrator component, or master component. The battery controller component 112 can orchestrate, manage, or maintain one or more other components of the battery management system 102 . The battery controller component 112 can receive the signals from the temperature sensor 116 and the electrical sensor 122 and store the signals in the data repository 106 as measurement values 110 .
The battery controller component 112 can select one or more charging profiles 108 from the data repository 106 . The battery controller component 112 can select the charging profiles 108 from the data repository 106 based on the signals received from the sensors (e.g., the temperature sensor 116 and the electrical sensor 122 ) or received from the data repository 106 . For example, and described in relation to FIG. 3 , among others, the charging profiles 108 can be stored in the data repository 106 as a lookup table. The lookup table can be a multidimensional lookup table. For example, the lookup table can include a plurality of rowsâeach for a different state of charges (SoCs)âand a plurality of columnsâeach for a different temperature. For an input temperature and SoC, the battery controller component 112 can select the charging profile 108 at the intersection of the SoC row and temperature column. When a charging profile 108 is selected, the battery management system 102 can configure or set, via the battery controller component 112 , a C-rate of the charging regulator 118 . The charging regulator 118 can limit the C-rate with which the charging station 124 can charge the battery 120 .
The electric vehicle 114 can include one or more sensors. The electric vehicle 114 can include one or more electrical sensors 122 and temperature sensors 116 , which can generally be referred to as sensors. The temperature sensor 116 can be a temperature sensor designed, constructed, configured, or operational to measure a temperature of the battery environment. The battery environment can be the environment around the battery 120 , such as the temperature of an external surface of the battery 120 , the environmental temperature in close proximity to the battery 120 (e.g., within 2 ft, 1 ft, 10 in, 6 in, or 3 in), the environmental temperature in a battery compartment of the electric vehicle 114 , of the temperature within the interior of the battery 120 . The electric vehicle 114 can include a plurality of temperature sensors 116 . For example, the electric vehicle 114 can include a first temperature sensor 116 that can measure the temperature in the battery environment and a second temperature sensor 116 that can measure a temperature external to the electric vehicle 114 . The electric vehicle 114 can include or be associated with one or more external temperature sensor 116 . For example, the electric vehicle 114 can receive an external temperature from a weather service that can provide the temperature value to the electric vehicle 114 via a data network. The temperature sensor 116 can include a thermistor (e.g., a negative temperature coefficient thermistor), a resistance temperature detector, a thermocouple, a semiconductor-based temperature sensor, infrared temperature sensors, or a combination thereof.
The battery management system 102 can measure the temperature in the battery environment (or other location) with the temperature sensor 116 . For example, the battery management system 102 can be connected with the temperature sensor 116 through the interface. The temperature sensor 116 can generate an electrical signal that is proportional to the temperature in the battery environment. The battery management system 102 can sample the signal at a predetermined rate and store the digitized signal in the data repository 106 as one of the measurement values 110 . The temperature sensor 116 can generate a digital signal that the temperature sensor 116 transmits to the battery management system 102 . The battery management system 102 can store the digital signal in the data repository 106 as one of the measurement values 110 .
The electric vehicle 114 can include one or more electrical sensors 122 . The electrical sensors 122 can be designed, constructed, configured, or operational to detect one or more battery characteristics. For example, the electrical sensor 122 can detect a value of a current output from the battery 120 . The electrical sensor 122 can include an ammeter, volt meter, or multimeter. The electrical sensor 122 can measure current, such as a flow of an electric charge or electric discharge. The electrical sensor 122 can include one or more sensor devices to measure, detect, or determine characteristics of electricity associated with a battery 120 of the vehicle. For example, the electrical sensor 122 can measure, detect, or determine one or more of a current, voltage, or impedance of the battery 120 . The electrical sensor 122 can measure, detect, or determine a state-of-charge (SoC) of the battery 120 . The electrical sensor 122 can indirectly measure the SoC of the battery 120 . For example, the electrical sensor 122 can determine the voltage of the battery 120 . The electrical sensor 122 or the battery management system 102 can reference a discharge lookup table that equate voltages to predicted SoCs. The discharge lookup table can be multidimensional and also include indexes for temperature and current. That is, the electrical sensor 122 or the battery management system 102 can determine the SoC based on the voltage, current temperature, battery current, or a combination thereof. The electrical sensor 122 can determine the SoC by measuring the battery current and integrating the battery current over time to perform coulomb counting.
The battery management system 102 can measure one or more electrical characteristics of the battery 120 with the electrical sensor 122 . For example, the battery management system 102 can be connected with the electrical sensor 122 through the interface 104 . The electrical sensor 122 can generate an electrical output signal that indicates the value of the measured electrical characteristic. The battery management system 102 can sample the signal at a predetermined rate and store the digitized signal in the data repository 106 as one of the measurement values 110 . The electrical sensor 122 can generate a digital signal that the electrical sensor 122 transmits to the battery management system 102 . The battery management system 102 can store the digital signal in the data repository 106 as one of the measurement values 110 .
The electric vehicle 114 can include one or more batteries 120 . The battery 120 can be a rechargeable battery. The battery 120 can be recharged by the charging station 124 . The battery can include one or more battery cells. For example, the battery 120 can refer to multiple battery cells or batteries. The multiple battery cells can be independent from one another but stored in a same physical container or area. The multiple battery cells of the battery 120 can be electronically or communicatively coupled to on another. For example, the one or more battery cells in the battery 120 can be connected by electronic circuitry in a series or in a parallel configuration. The battery management system 102 can monitor, manage, or control aspects of the battery 120 .
The battery 120 can include one or more cells. A cell can refer to the electrochemical current-producing unit in a battery, consisting of a set of positive plates, negative plates, electrolyte, separators and casing. The cell can have an open-circuit voltage of, for example, 1 volt, 2 volts, 3 volts, volts or some other voltage. There can be multiples cells in a single battery 120 . Types of batteries 120 or battery cells can include, for example, lead-acid (âflooded,â deep-cycle, and VRLA), NiCd, nickel-metal hydride, lithium-ion, Li-ion polymer, zinc-air or molten-salt batteries.
The battery 120 can include one or more battery cells. The battery cells can be lithium-air battery cells, lithium ion battery cells, nickel-zinc battery cells, zinc-bromine battery cells, zinc-cerium battery cells, sodium-sulfur battery cells, molten salt battery cells, nickel-cadmium battery cells, or nickel-metal hydride battery cells, among others. The battery cell can include at least one housing. The housing can be included in or part of a battery pack (e.g., a battery array or battery module) installed a chassis of the electric vehicle 114 . The housing can have the shape of a cylindrical casing or cylindrical cell with a circular, ovular, or elliptical base. A height of the housing can be greater than a diameter of the housing. For example, the housing can have a length (or height) of 65 mm to 75 mm, inclusive and a maximum width (or diameter for circular examples) of 17 mm to 25 mm, inclusive. In some examples the width or diameter of the housing can be greater than the length (e.g., height) of the housing. The housing can be formed from a prismatic casing with a polygonal base, such as a triangle, square, a rectangular, a pentagon, or a hexagon, for example. A height of such a prismatic cell housing can be less than a length or a width of the base of the housing.
The housing of the battery cell can include at least one electrically or thermally conductive material, or combinations thereof. The electrically conductive material can also be a thermally conductive material. The electrically conductive material for the housing of the battery cell can include a metallic material, such as aluminum, an aluminum alloy with copper, silicon, tin, magnesium, manganese or zinc (e.g., of the aluminum 4000 or 5000 series), iron, an iron-carbon alloy (e.g., steel), silver, nickel, copper, and a copper alloy, among others. The electrically conductive material and thermally conductive material for the housing of the battery cell can include a conductive polymer. To evacuate heat from inside the battery cell, the housing can be thermally coupled to a thermoelectric heat pump (e.g., a cooling plate) via an electrically insulating layer. The housing can include an electrically insulating material. The electrically insulating material can be a thermally conductive material. The electrically insulating and thermally conductive material for the housing of the battery cell can include a ceramic material (e.g., silicon nitride, silicon carbide, titanium carbide, zirconium dioxide, beryllium oxide, and among others) and a thermoplastic material (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, or polyvinyl chloride), among others. To evacuate heat from inside the battery cell, the housing can be thermally coupled to a thermoelectric heat pump (e.g., a cooling plate). The housing can be directly thermally coupled to the thermoelectric heat pump without an addition of an intermediary electrically insulating layer.
The housing of the battery cell can include a first end (e.g., top portion) and a second end (e.g., bottom portion). The housing can define an inner region between the first end and the second end. For example, the inner region can include an interior of the housing. The first end, inner region, and the second end can be defined along one axis of the housing. For example, the inner region can have a width (or diameter for circular examples) of about 2 mm to about 6 mm and a length (or height) of about 50 mm to about 70 mm.
The first end, inner region, and second end can be defined along a vertical (or longitudinal) axis of cylindrical casing forming the housing. The first end can be at one end of the housing and the second end can be at an opposite end of the housing. The end of the second end can encapsulate or cover the corresponding end of the housing.
At least one electrolyte can be disposed in the inner region of the housing. The electrolytes can include a negative electronic charge region or terminus and a positive electronic charge region or terminus. At least one negative tab can couple the electrolytes (e.g., negative region of electrolytes) with the surface of the housing or the negative lid portion of the lid.
The electrolyte can include any electrically conductive solution, dissociating into ions (e.g., cations and anions). For a lithium-ion battery cell, for example, the electrolyte can include a liquid electrolyte, such as lithium bisoxalatoborate (LiBC 4 O 8 or LiBOB salt), lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ), lithium hexaflourophosphate (LiPF 6 ), and lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF 3 SO 3 ). The electrolyte can include a polymer electrolyte, such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) (also referred to as acrylic glass), or polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF). The electrolyte can include a solid-state electrolyte, such as lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), magnesium, sodium, and ceramic materials (e.g., beta-alumna).
Multiple electrolytes (e.g., two electrolytes, more than two electrolytes) can be disposed within inner region of the housing. For example, two electrolytes can be disposed within inner region of the housing. The number of electrolytes can vary and can be selected based at least in part on a particular application of the battery cell.
A lithium-ion battery or Li-ion battery (abbreviated as LIB) can be a rechargeable battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in a non-rechargeable lithium battery. The electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell. For example, lithium-ion battery can be used to provide power to an electric vehicle 114 . A lithium-ion battery can have a high energy density, low memory effect, and a low self-discharge. Types of lithium-based batteries 120 can include, for example, Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ), lithium ion manganese oxide battery (LiMn 2 O 4 , Li 2 MnO 3 , or LMO), and lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (LiNiMnCoO 2 or NMC), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (LiNiCoAlO 2 or NCA) and lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 or LTO), or lithium-sulfur batteries.
The battery management system 102 can include one or more data repositories 106 . The data repository 106 can be or can include memory (e.g., hardware) in which the battery management system 102 can store data and machine instructions. When the battery management system 102 execute the machine instructions with, for example, the processor 126 , the battery management system 102 can perform the operations described herein. The memory can include a floppy disk, CD-ROM, DVD, magnetic disk, memory chip, ROM, RAM, EEPROM, EPROM, flash memory, optical media, or any other suitable memory from which the <figure-callout id="126" label="processor" filenames="US11001155-20210511-D00000.png,US11001155-20210511-D00001
CLAIMS
Claims ( 18 )
What is claimed:
1. A system to manage battery charging of a battery of an electric vehicle, comprising:
a data repository in communication with a battery management system, the data repository including a plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle, each of the plurality of charging profiles indicating a respective C-rate;
a first sensor of the electric vehicle to generate a temperature value to indicate a temperature of a battery environment;
a second sensor of the electric vehicle to generate a current value to indicate a current of the battery of the electric vehicle; and
the battery management system comprising one or more processors to:
receive the temperature value and the current value;
determine a state of charge of the battery of the electric vehicle;
select a charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the state of charge of the battery, the temperature value, and the current value; and
set a C-rate to charge the battery of the electric vehicle based on the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles;
the first sensor of the electric vehicle to determine a second temperature value to indicate a second temperature of the battery environment; and
the battery management system to:
determine a second state of charge of the battery of the electric vehicle;
select a second charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the second state of charge of the battery of the electric vehicle and the second temperature of the battery environment; and
set a second C-rate to charge the battery of the electric vehicle based on the second charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the C-rate indicates a maximum C-rate to charge the battery of the electric vehicle.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the C-rate is below a boundary condition for lithium deposition on an anode of the battery of the electric vehicle.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of charging profiles comprises:
a lookup table having a first dimension indicating state of charge values and a second dimension indicating temperature values.
5. The system of claim 1 , comprising the battery management system to:
determine a battery type of the battery of the electric vehicle; and
select the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the battery type.
6. The system of claim 1 , comprising the battery management system to:
determine an age of the battery of the electric vehicle; and
select the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the age of the age of the battery.
7. The system of claim 1 , comprising the battery management system to:
count a number of charging cycles of the electric vehicle; and
select the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the number of charging cycles.
8. A method to manage battery charging of a battery of an electric vehicle, comprising:
retrieving, from a data repository by a battery management system of the electric vehicle, a plurality of charging profiles for a battery of the electric vehicle, each of the plurality of charging profiles indicating a C-rate;
receiving, by the battery management system, a temperature value to indicate a temperature of a battery environment;
determining, by the battery management system, a state of charge of the battery of the electric vehicle;
selecting, by the battery management system, a charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the state of charge of the battery and the temperature of the battery environment;
setting a C-rate of the battery of the electric vehicle based on the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles;
constructing a three-electrode cell;
receiving a first measurement signal comprising at least one of current values or voltage values while charging the three-electrode cell under a first set of conditions;
receiving a second measurement signal comprising at least one of current values or voltage values while discharging the three-electrode cell under the first set of conditions; and
generating the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles based on the first measurement signal and the second measurement signal.
9. The method of claim 8 , comprising:
receiving, by the battery management system, a current value to indicate a current flow of the battery of the electric vehicle; and
selecting, by the battery management system, the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles from the battery of the electric vehicle based on the current value.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the C-rate indicates a maximum C-rate to charge the battery of the electric vehicle.
11. The method of claim 8 , comprising:
determining, by a first sensor of the electric vehicle, a second temperature value to indicate a second temperature of the battery environment;
determining, by the battery management system, a second state of charge of the battery of the electric vehicle;
selecting, by the battery management system, a second charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the second state of charge of the battery of the electric vehicle and the second temperature of the battery environment;
setting, by the battery management system, a second C-rate to charge the battery of the electric vehicle based on the second charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles.
12. The method of claim 8 , comprising:
selecting the C-rate to be below a boundary condition for lithium deposition on an anode of the battery of the electric vehicle.
13. The method of claim 8 , comprising:
determining, by the battery management system, a battery type of the battery of the electric vehicle; and
selecting, by the battery management system, the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the battery type.
14. The method of claim 8 , comprising:
determining, by the battery management system, an age of the battery of the electric vehicle; and
selecting, by the battery management system, the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the age of the age of the battery.
15. The method of claim 8 , comprising:
counting, by the battery management system, a number of charging cycles of the electric vehicle; and
selecting, by the battery management system, the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles for the battery of the electric vehicle based on the number of charging cycles.
16. The method of claim 8 comprising:
harvesting one or more components from a second instance of the battery of the electric vehicle; and
constructing the three-electrode cell from the one or more components from the second instance of the battery of the electric vehicle.
17. The method of claim 8 , comprising:
generating the first measurement signal comprising at least one of the current values or the voltage values while charging the three-electrode cell from a discharged state to a fully charged state; and
generating the charging profile from the plurality of charging profiles based on the first measurement signal.
18. The method of claim 8 , comprising:
generating the plurality of charging profiles for each of a plurality of temperature-state of charge pairs.
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