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Endoscopic Guided PCNL Versus Standard PCNL
currently, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the standard procedure of choice for management of large renal more than 2 cm. the pivotal step in performing PCNL is creation of proper tract. this step can be done monitored under guidance of different modalities such as fluoroscopy, ultrasonography, endoscopy or combined in ECIRS, tract creation is controlled under endoscopic vision with a flexible ureteroscope .
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