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Renewable demand or sanctions? A descriptive decomposition of Russia–China mineral trade dynamics
After comprehensive Western economic sanctions were imposed in 2022, Russia’s critical mineral exports to China surged from a pre-sanctions (2000–2021) annual average of $277 million per mineral to $1.02 billion per mineral in 2022–2024, both in current U.S. dollars — a 268% increase. This raises a
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