Perioperative Anxiety Among Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography or Angioplasty

Anxiety is defined as apprehension, tension, or uneasiness that originates from the danger which may be internal or external. Anxiety may manifest with symptoms related to behavior, emotions, and cognition. Anxiety is prevalent in patients before interventional procedures and deteriorates postoperative outcomes, for example, elevated level of postoperative pain, increased infection rate, and high mortality rate. Coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of mortality, disability, and workforce loss, resulting from the narrowing or obstruction of one or more branches of the coronary arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. Coronary angiogram and angioplasty are among the most popular diagnostic and treatment tools available to cardiologists. However, patients and their families often experience anxiety before the procedure due to inadequate psychological preparation. The majority of research about perioperative anxiety focused on surgery. Magnitude of preoperative anxiety as reported in some studies was in the range of 60-80% in the western population while some researchers showed a wider range, which was 11-80%. However, there is a lack of research reporting the prevalence of anxiety among patients arranged for minimally invasive procedures, especially coronary procedures. To the best of our knowledge, a cross-sectional study conducted in Africa among 267 cardiac patients found that 70.4% of them experienced perioperative anxiety. In contrast, similar studies reported that this figure was 35.0% in Europe and 35.7% in Australia. There was significant variation of anxiety level across countries. As a result, it is unacceptable to extrapolate the magnitude of anxiety in one nation to another with different socio-demographic characteristics, healthcare systems and family support. Moreover anxiety levels before surgery are influenced by various factors such as individual susceptibility, age, gender, prior surgical experiences, education, t