Modelling of mid-latitude ionospheric trough location and dynamics using multi-frequency radio sounding and in-situ observations

The mid-latitude ionospheric trough (MIT) is a nighttime electron density depletion at subauroral latitudes that can affect trans-ionospheric radio systems, including GNSS. Using long-term electron density data from GRACE and Swarm and TEC data from IGS Global Ionosphere Maps, this study analyzes MI