Comparison of Transverse Friction Massage and Instrument- Assisted Soft-Tissue Mobilization in Plantar Fasciitis

Plantar fasciitis is a common musculoskeletal condition characterized by plantar heel pain, particularly during the first steps after waking or following prolonged rest. It can substantially affect walking, standing, daily activities, and overall functional ability. Although conservative physiotherapy management is commonly used, the relative effectiveness of different manual therapy techniques remains unclear. The present study aims to compare the effectiveness of Transverse Friction Massage (TFM) and Instrument-Assisted Soft-Tissue Mobilization (IASTM) in patients with plantar fasciitis. The study will be conducted as a single-blinded randomized controlled trial at Foundation University College of Physical Therapy, Islamabad. A total of 34 participants will be recruited using purposive sampling and subsequently randomized into two groups through a sealed opaque envelope method. Participants will be adults aged 19-44 years with clinically diagnosed plantar fasciitis and symptoms. persisting for more than three months. Group A will receive Transverse Friction Massage, while Group B will receive Instrument-Assisted Soft-Tissue Mobilization. Both groups will additionally receive a standardized physiotherapy protocol consisting of stretching exercises, strengthening exercises, ultrasound therapy, home-based exercises, and activity modification. The interventions will be administered twice weekly for four weeks, resulting in a total of eight treatment sessions. The primary clinical outcomes will include pain intensity, foot-related functional impairment, and ankle range of motion. Pain will be assessed using the Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), foot function using the Foot Function Index (FFI), and ankle range of motion using a goniometer. Assessments will be performed at baseline, after two weeks, and at the end of four weeks. Data will be analyzed using SPSS. Appropriate parametric or non-parametric statistical tests will be applied according to data distribution, w