Artificial Intelligence-assisted Uro-Cam Catheter Assessment System for Diagnosing Bladder Cancer

This is a single-arm study investigating the safety, feasibility and diagnostic performance of AI-assisted Uro-Cam catheter assessment that will be performed at the Prince of Wales Hospital. All patients who are referred to the urology outpatient clinic for hematuria workup, and bladder cancer patients who require follow-up cystoscopy, will be screened for study eligibility. If eligible, patients will be recruited into the study with a proper informed consent. All recruited patients will undergo the AI-assisted Uro-Cam catheter assessment followed by a conventional flexible cystoscopy. The study will be conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and it will be registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. An AI-assisted Uro-Cam catheter assessment will be arranged for all recruited study subjects. After the AI-assisted Uro- Cam catheter assessment, a conventional flexible cystoscopy will be conducted in the same session. Biopsy will be taken from any suspicious lesion detected upon AI-assisted Uro-Cam catheter assessment or conventional flexible cystoscopy. After all the procedures, an End-of-study visit will be arranged 4-6 weeks later. The primary outcomes include 30-day complications, and the technical success rate of the AI-assisted Uro-Cam catheter assessment. 30-day complications will be assessed and grading according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Technical success is defined by the completion of the whole Uro-Cam catheter assessment. The secondary outcomes include the AUC, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value in detecting histologically confirmed bladder cancer.