Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Stress Reduction in Adult Singaporeans a Pilot Study

This pilot study investigates self-administered mindfulness (SAM) as a stress reduction intervention, serving as a feasibility assessment for a larger multi-site trial. The research addresses gaps in mindfulness literature, particularly timely given that stress profoundly affects individuals' lives, shaping their thoughts, behaviors, and emotional experiences (Aldwin, 2007; Lazarus \& Folkman, 1984), and plays a significant role in conditions like depression and anxiety (Yang et al., 2015). The study implements a sham meditation control condition, improving upon passive controls that often yield inflated effect sizes (Patterson et al., 2016). The methodology incorporates both subjective measures, addressing limitations noted by Nichols et al. (2008), and heart rate variability (HRV) measurements. HRV has proven useful for its sensitivity to stress-induced changes (Goldberger et al., 2001), with higher values indicating better parasympathetic recovery (Shaffer \& Ginsberg, 2017; Michels et al., 2013). Set in Singapore, where stress management is a significant concern (Chodavadia et al., 2023), the study builds on Kabat-Zinn's (2003, 2006) definition of mindfulness. Unlike traditional programs, these interventions are more accessible (Spijkerman et al., 2016). Recent meta-analyses show mixed findings: some identified small but significant effects (Cavanagh et al., 2018; Taylor et al., 2021), while others found no evidence of effectiveness after accounting for publication bias (Sparacio et al., 2024a). The study considers Singapore's unique cultural position (Li, Ngin, \& Teo, 2007) and utilizes smartphone-based HRV monitoring, supported by research validating PPG technology (Guede-Fernández et al., 2020). Through its comprehensive approach and robust design, this pilot study aims to establish a foundation for future research while providing insights into SAM's effectiveness as a stress reduction technique.