Effect of Smoking on Macrophage-related Chemokines Before and After Non-surgical Treatment of Initial Peri-implantitis

Peri-implantitis is a condition affecting tissues around dental implants, leading to inflammation and bone loss. Smoking is a known risk factor that increases the risk of developing peri-implantitis and reduces treatment success. Smokers often have worse outcomes after treatment compared to non-smokers. Macrophage activity is crucial for fighting infections, but smoking can impair their function, leading to tissue damage. Smoking reduces blood flow and oxygen levels in tissues, hindering healing. Specific chemokines (CCL-2, CCL-8, CXCL-9, and CCL-3) help direct immune responses by recruiting macrophages and other immune cells to infection sites. Understanding how smoking affects these chemokines is essential for improving peri-implantitis treatment outcomes. Peri-implantitis is a complex condition caused by various factors, which makes it challenging to study how smoking affects the immune response in advanced stages of the disease. This study aims to investigate how smoking influences specific chemical signals associated with the immune response (CCL-2, CCL-8, CCL-3, and CXCL-9) in the fluid around dental implants, both before and after non-surgical treatment. The research will compare smokers to non-smokers during the early stages of peri-implantitis.