Comparison of the Malposition Rates of the Vertebral Pedicle Screws Using the PediGuard Technique: PediGuard Technique Associated With Fluoroscopy and Fluoroscopy Alone

Pedicular screwing has become the gold standard for intervertebral fixation required in degenerative, scoliotic, tumoral pathologies or for fractures. Several pedicular screwing methods exist. The free hand pedicular screwing requires a high learning curve and has, as a consequence, a high malposition rate. The placing of pedicular screws under fluoroscopic control is the most common technique as it is both reproducible and accessible. It is a two dimensional imaging technique. The profile incidence at the level of the spine is mostly used to spot the vertebral pedicle and the direction of the screw in the sagittal plane. However, there is no real control of the direction of the pedicular screw in the horizontal or frontal plane. The screw malposition rate is less important than with the 'free hand' technique but remains none of the less significant. Furthermore, fluoroscopy is an irradiating imaging technique, both for the patient and the staff. New revolutionary techniques as the tridimensional navigation and the per-operatory tomodensitometry appeared in the last few years. The techniques give the best results when used concommitantly. The material has the advantage of being very precise. The pedicular screw malposition rate is minimal after a three-dimensional localisation. However, those systems require qualified staff and expose the patient and the nursing team to high radiation levels. The costs are higher and the surgery duration is globally longer. It is thus difficult to implement this technique in each belgian hospital. Finally, the Pediguard technique appeared on the market. It is a guide for the perforation of the pedicular channel, with a probe at its extremity. This probe allows a real time measurement of the electric conductivity of the tissues that are being crossed. The conductivity measure is translated in a sound signal. Because the cortical bone has a low conductivity, the probe will emit a low intensity sound signal. The cancellous bone has