A richness-sensitive Acoustic Biodiversity Index from species-level detections: classifier benchmarking, false-positive control and validation against standard soundscape indices in an African savanna and an urban zoo

Acoustic indices are widely used as rapid proxies for biodiversity, but they summarise the distribution of sound energy rather than the species producing it and often track richness poorly. We revise and test an Acoustic Biodiversity Index (ABI) built from species-level detections. Its primary form,