Evidence reviews for the effectiveness of healthy living programmes in preventing overweight and obesity in children and young people: Overweight and obesity management: preventing, assessing and managing overweight and obesity: Evidence review H

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Evidence reviews for the effectiveness of healthy living programmes in preventing overweight and obesity in children and young people Overweight and obesity management: preventing, assessing and managing overweight and obesity Evidence review H NICE Guideline, No. 246 London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) ; 2025 Jan . ISBN-13: 978-1-4731-6769-8 Copyright and Permissions Copyright © NICE 2025. For more information, see the Bookshelf Copyright Notice . 1. Effectiveness of healthy living programmes in children and young people 1.1. Review question What is the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of healthy living programmes for preventing overweight or obesity in children and young people? 1.1.1. Introduction The prevention and management of obesity are complex problems. Currently, NICE’s guidance on obesity prevention (CG43) highlighted that the preschool years (age 2-5) are a key time for shaping lifelong attitudes and behaviours, and childcare providers can create opportunities for children to be active and develop healthy eating habits and can act as positive role models. In the guideline it was recommended that all nurseries and childcare facilities should ensure that preventing excess weight gain and improving children’s diet and activity levels are priorities. The guideline also specified that during school years, people often develop life-long patterns of behaviour that affect their ability to keep a healthy weight. Schools play an important role in this by providing opportunities for children to be active and develop healthy eating habits, and by providing role models. Improving children’s diet and activity levels may have wider benefits: regular physical activity is associated with higher academic achievement, better health in childhood and later life, higher motivation at school and reduced anxiety and depression. In the guideline, it was recommended that all schools should ensure that improving the diet and activity levels of children and young people is a priority for action to help prevent excess weight gain. A whole-school approach should be used to develop life-long healthy eating and physical activity practices. The aim of this review is to identify the effectiveness of healthy living programmes in preventing overweight and obesity in children and young people. This review specifically focuses on early years settings (such as nurseries, childcare facilities, children’s trusts and children’s centres) and school settings. As part of a collaboration between the NICE Guideline Development Team and Cochrane, the evidence presented in this review was provided by Bristol University and Durham University who have been involved in the update of the Brown 2019 Cochrane review on interventions for preventing obesity in children. Evidence presented in this review is drawn from their upcoming systematic reviews on: Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 2 to 4 years old (Author, Year) Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old (Author, Year) Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 12 to 18 years old (Author, Year) We thank Bristol University, Durham University and Cochrane Public Health for their assistance in providing data for these review questions. 1.1.2. Summary of the protocol The table below provides a combined summary of the following Cochrane review protocols for the Cochrane reviews: Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 2 to 4 years old (Moore 2022) Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old (Moore 2022) Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 12 to 18 years old (Moore 2022) Table 1 Summary of the Cochrane protocols (PICO table). 1.1.3. Methods and process During the development of the NICE review, a Cochrane review on interventions for preventing obesity in children by produced by Brown 2019 was identified. Upon further investigation, it was highlighted that the Cochrane review was due to be updated. As part of the update, it was proposed that the 2019 Cochrane review would be split into 4 different reviews: Interventions to prevent obesity in children under 2 years old. Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 2 to 4 years old. Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old. Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 12 to 18 years old. Protocols covering children and young people aged 2–18 years old were identified as being relevant to the NICE review. These protocols were discussed with the committee, who agreed that these reviews would sufficiently answer the review question. The review on interventions to prevent obesity in children under 2 years old was not considered for inclusion as the guideline does not cover children aged under 2 years old. As part of the collaboration, authors based at Bristol University and Durham University preformed: The literature search, screening of records and study selection. Data extraction and production of evidence tables. Risk of bias assessment of included studies using Cochrane Risk of bias tool 2 Publication bias assessment using funnel plots. Data analysis, including pairwise meta-analysis, subgroup analysis by setting. Presentation of evidence to guideline committee. The NICE Development Team assisted in the data extraction, risk of bias and data analysis included in the review covering children aged 2-4 years old. Primary outcomes The Cochrane reviews focused on three primary outcomes: zBMI, BMI and serious adverse events. Upon discussion of protocols with the guideline committee, it was agreed that zBMI was the primary outcome of interest, so it was agreed with the authors of the Cochrane reviews that evidence specifically on zBMI would be used in the NICE review. Where available, data on BMI would also be incorporated. Serious adverse events were also prioritised as a primary outcome, and were defined as eating disorders, body dysmorphia disorder, body image disturbance or injuries sufficient to seek medical attention. Due to the diversity of measures used to define adverse events, and the sparsity of data for this outcome, the authors tabulated information about serious adverse effects and summarised the results narratively. Subgroup analyses Several subgroup analyses were planned for the Cochrane reviews. These were: main setting of the intervention (childcare/pre-school, school, other educational settings, health service, wider community, home), duration of active intervention period, income status of country, socioeconomic status, and sex. The committee discussed these and agreed that subgroup analysis by setting would be most useful for decision making as existing recommendations in NICE guidance CG43 specifically focused on early years and school settings, so the Cochrane review authors agreed to focus on evidence in these settings for the purposes of the NICE review. Other subgroup analyses planned by Cochrane were not considered relevant for this review, so although they are presented in the Cochrane reviews, they were not used for decision making by the NICE guideline committee. Cochrane publications and available data The Cochrane authors prepared data specific to the NICE review and presented this to the guideline committee. These Cochrane reviews are now at the pre-publication stage and are expected to publish sometime in 2024. For the purposes of consistency and transparency, the current review contains the summary of findings tables, forest plots and GRADE ratings that were presented to the committee and on which they based their decision making. When the final drafts of the Cochrane reviews are published, there may be some small differences between the evidence presented to the committee and the way it is presented in the final published Cochrane reviews. Any major discrepancies between the original evidence and the newly published evidence will be presented to the committee at the time of publication if so required, but it is anticipated that there will be very few discrepancies, and any discrepancies identified will be minor in nature and will not change the overall findings of the reviews. A pdf of PowerPoint slides containing evidence presented to the committee is available for the 2–4 years review, and pre-publication review drafts are available for the 5–11 and 12–18 years reviews. Permission to reproduce and include additional material and analysis from the Cochrane review content was made as per the terms of the Collaboration Agreement for published evidence review collaboration stated in the section 2.1 Principles of fair use of Cochrane reviews in NICE guidelines of the Guideline support document: Cochrane reviews and NICE guideline development. Declarations of interest were recorded according to NICE’s conflicts of interest policy . Review methods This evidence review was developed using the methods and process described in Developing NICE guidelines: the manual . Methods specific to this review question are described in the review protocol in appendix A and the methods document. While Cochrane’s methods are closely aligned to standard NICE methods, there were some minor deviations, which, where relevant to the topic area, were highlighted to the committee and taken into account in discussions of the evidence: A number of databases were searched which are not typically used by NICE due to the timeframe of NICE reviews. This includes: Australian Education Index (AEI) (EBSCOhost); British Education Index (BEI) (EBSCOhost); ERIC (Education Resources Information Center) (EBSCOhost) ClinicalTrials ​.gov WHO international clinical trials registry platform Electronic Theses Online Service (EThOS) – British Library ( ethos ​.bl.uk/Home.do ); DART – Europe e-theses Portal ( dart-europe ​.eu/basic[1]search.php ); Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) ( ndltd ​.org ); Open Access Theses and Dissertations (OATD) ( oatd ​.org ); Proquest Dissertations & Theses Global ( search ​.proquest.com/pqdtglobal ​/dissertations/ ) The GRADE criteria used by Cochrane for judging certainty in the evidence differed slightly from the approach used by NICE in other reviews for this guideline: please see appendix L for the GRADE criteria used for the Cochrane reviews. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted regardless of statistical heterogeneity The final Cochrane reviews provide summary of findings tables with overall GRADE ratings for interventions in all settings only (these are presented in section 1.1.6 of this review). Results of subgroup analyses by setting will not be reported in the main body of this review, but forest plots for these analyses are included in appendix E . The Cochrane reviews do not provide GRADE ratings for these subgroup analyses. GRADE tables for findings for all settings were developed by the NICE team and are provided in appendix F . For the purposes of the committee meetings, the Cochrane authors presented slides providing summary of findings for all settings and for subgroups by setting and follow up. The quality of the evidence was discussed narratively and GRADE tables were not reported. The Cochrane reviews included countries from a broader range of income categories than the majority of the other reviews in this guideline. The committee took this into account during their consideration of the evidence, and noted that the majority of evidence came from studies conducted in the US, UK, Australia, New Zealand and Europe. 1.1.4. Effectiveness evidence 1.1.4.1. Included studies Three Cochrane reviews were included in this report, which included Phillips (submitted for publication; children aged 2 to 4 years), Summerbell (submitted for publication; children aged 5 to 11 years) and Spiga (submitted for publication; children aged 12 to 18 years). For children aged 2 to 4 years, the authors identified 31 individually randomised controlled trials and 40 cluster randomised controlled trials for the Cochrane review. However, due to differences in included settings and primary outcomes between the Cochrane review protocol and the NICE protocol, as determined by the committee and their needs for decision making, only 22 of these trials were included. This is because they were the studies that were conducted in early years settings and reported outcomes for BMI or zBMI. Furthermore, 6 of these trials reported outcome data in a format that could not be used in the meta-analyses, so only 16 trials are reported in this review for that age group (1 RCT and 15 cluster RCTs). For children aged 5 to 11 years, 172 studies were identified that covered BMI, zBMI and BMI percentile data. Forty-six studies were individual RCTs and 126 were cluster RCTs. The majority of the studies presented in the review were conducted in the USA; 15 studies were conducted in the UK. Amongst the included studies, 32% (55/172) targeted disadvantaged (low income) participants and/or those living in disadvantaged communities. Out of the 172 included studies, 115 studies were conducted in school settings, 13 were conducted at home, 11 were conducted in school and at home, and 33 were conducted in other settings such as community or clinical settings. For children aged 12 to 18 years, 74 studies were identified that covered BMI, zBMI and BMI percentile data. There were 25 individually randomised controlled trials and 49 cluster randomised controlled trials. Thirty-three studies were conducted in the USA and 2 studies were conducted in the UK. Details of individual studies are summarised in Table 2 for children aged 2 to 4 years, Table 3 for children aged 5 to 11 years, and Table 4 for children aged 12 to 18 years. See list of included studies in section 1.1.14 and for further details of the included studies see the full evidence tables in Appendix D . 1.1.4.2. Excluded studies See list of excluded studies in Appendix J . 1.1.5. Summary of studies included in the effectiveness evidence Children aged 2 to 4 years Table 2 Summary of studies for children aged 2 to 4 years. The table below lists the studies supplied by authors that specifically focused on BMI-z data and childcare settings (n=16). The final Cochrane review will include summary tables of all studies included (more...) Children aged 5 to 11 years Table 3 Summary of studies for children aged 5 to 11 years. Table below lists the studies supplied by authors that specifically focused on BMI-z and BMI data and school and other settings (e.g., community and home). Children aged 12 to 18 years Table 4 Summary of studies for children aged 12 to 18 years. The table below lists the studies supplied by authors that specifically focused on BMI-z and BMI data and school and other settings (e.g., community and home). See appendix D for full evidence tables. 1.1.6. Summary of the effectiveness evidence 1.1.6.1. Children aged 2 to 4 years 1.1.6.1.1. zBMI Table 5 Dietary interventions vs control (childcare settings). Table 6 Physical activity interventions vs control (childcare settings). Table 7 Dietary and physical activity interventions vs control (childcare settings). 1.1.6.1.2. Serious adverse events No serious adverse events were reported in the 16 studies included in the meta-analysis. See appendix E for forest plots and appendix F for full GRADE tables. 1.1.6.2. Children aged 5 to 11 years 1.1.6.2.1. zBMI Table 8 Dietary interventions vs control (all settings). Table 9 Physical activity interventions versus control (all settings). Table 10 Diet and physical activity interventions versus control (all settings). 1.1.6.2.2. BMI Table 11 Dietary interventions versus control (all settings). Table 12 Physical activity interventions versus control (all settings). Table 13 Diet and physical activity interventions versus control (all settings). 1.1.6.2.3. Adverse events Table 14 Dietary interventions versus control (all settings). Table 15 Physical activity interventions versus control (all settings). Table 16 Diet and physical activity interventions versus control (all settings). See appendix E for forest plots and appendix F for full GRADE tables. 1.1.6.3. Children aged 12 to 18 years 1.1.6.3.1. zBMI Table 17 Dietary interventions vs control (all settings). Table 18 Physical activity interventions versus control (all settings). Table 19 Diet and physical activity interventions versus control (all settings). 1.1.6.3.2. BMI Table 20 Dietary interventions versus control (all settings). Table 21 Physical activity interventions versus control (all settings). Table 22 Diet and physical activity interventions versus control (all settings). 1.1.6.3.3. Adverse events Table 23 Dietary interventions versus control (all settings). Table 24 Physical activity interventions versus control (all settings). Table 25 Diet and physical activity interventions versus control (all settings). See appendix E for forest plots and appendix F for full GRADE tables. 1.1.7. Economic evidence A single search was performed to identify published economic evaluations of relevance to this review question in this guideline update (see Appendix B ). The search retrieved 2,631 results for title and abstract screening. After removing 2,616 studies, 15 studies were scanned for full text; 12 of these studies were excluded based on full text. 1.1.7.1. Included studies Table 26 provides summary details of the included studies. See Appendix H for a full evidence table and assessment of applicability and limitations. 1.1.7.2. Excluded studies Thirteen economic studies were excluded at full-text screening. See Appendix J for excluded studies and reasons for exclusion. 1.1.8. Summary of included economic evidence Table 26 Summary of economic evidence. 1.1.9. Economic model No economic modelling was conducted for this review question. 1.1.10. Unit costs Not applicable. 1.1.11. The committee's discussion and interpretation of the evidence 1.1.11.1. The outcomes that matter most During the development of this review, it was identified that the existing Cochrane review (Brown 2019) on interventions for preventing obesity in children was being updated. The new protocols were discussed with the committee, and based on this discussion, change in BMI z-score was identified as an important outcome. It was also noted that school and pre-school settings were important for this review due to the recommendations specifically focusing on these settings. Therefore, evidence was prepared which focused on change in BMI z-score and BMI (where available) in school and pre-school settings. Adverse events were also considered an important outcome. 1.1.11.2. The quality of the evidence The protocols of the Cochrane reviews were reviewed and were identified to be applicable to the NICE review. While these reviews covered some settings that were outside the scope of the recommendations and included data from non- Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) countries, these factors were explored through the characteristics of studies included in the reviews, and meta-analyses prepared by University of Durham and University of Bristol focused on the key settings of interest. It should also be noted that these reviews were not conducted using NICE methodology. While this was not seen as impacting the quality of the evidence prepared, differences in methodologies were noted. For further information on the differences in methodology, see section 1.1.3 Methods and process, the methods chapter, and appendix L for details of the approach to GRADE. The differences in the approach used to GRADE the quality of the evidence between this review and the other reviews for the guideline did not have an impact on the previous recommendations. Children aged 2 to 4 years In the Cochrane review covering children aged 2 to 4 years, 71 studies were identified which covered both BMI and zBMI data. Among the 71 studies included, 44% (31/71) were individual RCTs and 56% (40/71) were cluster RCTs. Additionally, 49% of the studies (35/71) were conducted in the USA. Only 5 studies were identified which were conducted in the UK. Amongst the studies included, 39% (28/71) targeted disadvantaged (low income) participants and/or those living in disadvantaged communities. Out of the 71 included studies, 40 studies were conducted in pre-school settings, 22 were conducted at home, 5 were conducted in primary care and 4 were conducted in community settings. Out of the 40 studies focusing on pre-school settings, 22 reported data on zBMI, 9 reported data on BMI only, 7 reported data on BMI percentile and 2 reported data as weight for height or by weight category. Only studies that focused on zBMI were presented to the committee. Out of the 22 studies, 16 studies presented data in a format that allowed meta-analysis to be conducted. The number of participants within the studies ranged from 42 participants to 1816 participants. Children aged 5 to 11 years In the Cochrane review covering children aged 5 to 11 years, 172 studies were identified which covered both BMI and zBMI data. Forty-six studies were individual RCTs and 126 were cluster RCTs. Majority of the studies presented in the review were conducted in the USA. 16 studies were also identified that were conducted in the UK. Amongst the studies included, 36% (58/163) targeted disadvantaged (low income) participants and/or those living in disadvantaged communities. Out of the 172 included studies, 112 studies were conducted in school settings, 12 were conducted at home and 33 were conducted in other settings such as community settings. The authors prepared evidence for BMI and zBMI and presented the evidence that included all settings, with separate analyses on school settings. Children aged 12 to 18 years In the Cochrane review covering children and young people aged 12 to 18 years, 74 studies were identified which covered both BMI and zBMI data. Twenty-five of the included studies were individual RCTs and 48 were cluster RCTs. Thirty-three studies were conducted in the USA. Two studies were conducted in the UK. Overall quality of the evidence Overall, the evidence largely ranged from low to moderate quality. Evidence was mainly downgraded for inconsistency, imprecision and due to risk of bias. While the majority of the evidence for each age group was conducted in the USA, it was noted that it was important to assess how other health systems are managing the prevention of obesity in children and young people. The committee noted that in the UK, childhood obesity is on the rise, and therefore, it was important to assess the effectiveness of different interventions in preventing childhood obesity. Additionally, for the 5–11 and 12–18 age groups, evidence was presented for all settings with separate subgroup analysis by school settings. The committee viewed data for all settings as indirectly applicable, however noted that it was useful to examine the effectiveness of obesity prevention interventions across different settings, so they did not downgrade for this. 1.1.11.3. Benefits and harms In children aged 2–4 years, 16 studies were identified which were conducted in childcare settings and explored change in BMI z-score. This evidence showed that interventions that included diet and physical activity components resulted in a reduction in BMI z-score at medium (9 months from baseline to <15 months) and long term (15 months or more from baseline) follow up. The evidence also demonstrated that interventions that included a dietary component or physical activity component alone did not demonstrate a reduction in BMI z-score when compared to control. 246 studies were identified which explored the effectiveness of obesity prevention intervention in school age children (5 to 18 years). The majority of the evidence was conducted in school settings. In children aged 5–11 years, evidence in school settings showed that activity interventions and dietary and physical activity interventions did show a reduction in BMI and BMI z-score in the short- (12 weeks from baseline to < 9 months), medium- and long-term, when compared to control. One study also demonstrated that dietary and physical activity interventions resulted in a reduction in BMI z-score when compared to dietary interventions alone and activity interventions alone. In children aged 12 to 18 years, evidence showed that dietary interventions alone and activity interventions alone resulted in a reduction in BMI in medium and long term when compared to control. One study also demonstrated that dietary interventions alone resulted in a reduction in BMI z-score in the short and long term, when compared to control. The committee noted that while there was some evidence of reduction in BMI and BMI z-score in the different age groups, the overall change was very small. The committee acknowledged that the population within some of these trials would include children of ‘healthy’ weight, where you would not want to see a change in BMI or BMI z-score, however the overall of impact of the intervention was small. While most of the evidence did not show these interventions to result in a significant change in BMI or BMI z-score, the committee acknowledged the importance of obesity prevention. Obesity prevalence in children remains high. The National Child Measurement Programme (NCMP) report from 2022/23 highlighted that the prevalence of children in England living with obesity in reception (age 4–5 years) has been stable since 2006/07 but it saw a 4.6% increase from 9.9% in 2019/20 to 14.4% in 2020/21. Data showed that there was a decrease to 10.1% in 2021/22 and a further decrease to 9.2% in 2022/23. Furthermore, the prevalence of obesity among reception children in England had been relatively stable, ranging from 9.1% to 9.9% between 2006/07 to 2019/20. In 2020/21 there was a large increase in obesity prevalence (14.4%) during the pandemic. Prevalence then decreased but remained above pre-pandemic levels at 10.1% in 2021/22. The report also highlighted that in children in year 6 (aged 10–11 years), the prevalence of children in England living with obesity was increasing slowly from 19.0% in 2010/11 to 21.1% in 2019/20. This further increased to 25.5% in 2020/21. Data showed that there was a decrease to 23.4% in 2021/22 and a further decrease to 22.7% in 2022/23, but this was still above the pre-pandemic levels. The prevalence of children in year 6 living with obesity was increasing slowly over time from 18.7% in 2009/10 up to 21.0% in 2019/20. In 2020/21 prevalence increased to 25.5%, and in 2021/22 decreased to 23.4% but remained above pre-pandemic levels. The prevalence of children living with obesity was over twice as high for children living in the most deprived area than for children living in the least deprived areas. Additionally, the prevalence of children living with obesity was highest in disadvantaged urban communities for children in reception, and highest in disadvantaged urban communities and multicultural city life areas for children in year 6. With obesity on the increase in children and young people, the committee noted that it was important to focus on obesity prevention in both early years and school settings as these settings can help shape lifelong attitudes and behaviours and can help children and young people develop healthier habits and behaviours. The 2006 guidance on obesity prevention (CG43) included recommendations on school and early years settings, which could include children’s services, childcare and early years settings, children’s trusts, children’s centres, Healthy Start and Sure Start. The guideline recommended that preventing excess weight gain and improving children’s diets and activity levels should be prioritised for all nurseries and childcare facilities. Similarly, the guideline recommended that for all school settings, improving diet and activity levels for children and young people should be a priority and that a whole-school approach should be used to develop life-long healthy eating and physical activity practices. Based on their expertise, the committee highlighted that a whole-school or a whole-systems approach was important for obesity prevention. Based on this understanding, the committee retained the existing recommendation but expanded this to highlight that improving the nutrition and activity levels of children and young people should be a priority for all schools, nurseries and childcare facilities and that a whole-school approach should be used in all of these settings. Furthermore, the guideline also recommended that all actions aimed at preventing excess weight gain, improving diet, and increasing activity levels in early years settings should involve parents and carers. Similar recommendations were also included for school settings but were expanded further to detail that parents can be included in school-based interventions though, for example, special events, newsletters, and information about lunch menus and after-school activities. A number of the studies included in the Cochrane reviews included parents and carers. Furthermore, as parents and carers play a significant role in shaping a child’s habits and behaviours, the committee noted that it was important that parents and carers are involved in obesity prevention interventions in all settings. Based on this understanding, the committee retained existing recommendations, and expanded these to cover both school and early years settings. In terms of the components of these interventions, especially physical activity, existing guidance recommended that nurseries and childcare facilities should minimise sedentary activities during play time and provide regular opportunities for enjoyable active play and structured physical activity sessions. While evidence for 2–4 year olds demonstrated that physical activity interventions alone did not show a reduction in BMI z-score, physical activity interventions in conjunction with dietary interventions did show change in BMI z-score. Based on the evidence and their expertise, the committee retained the existing recommendation. However, they noted that existing recommendations did not cover children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND). While evidence was not identified in this population, the committee noted that activities should be adapted for children with SEND. For school settings, the guidance recommended that staff delivering physical education, sport and physical activity should promote activities that children and young people find enjoyable and can take part in outside school, through into adulthood. Children’s confidence in, and understanding of, why they need to continue physical activity throughout life (physical literacy) should be developed as early as possible. The evidence demonstrated that interventions that included physical activity did show a reduction in BMI and BMI z-scores in the short, medium and long-term, when compared to control. Based on the evidence and their expertise, the committee retained existing recommendations but amended these further to state that staff delivering physical education, sport and other physical activity in schools should promote a range of activities that children and young people enjoy and can take part in outside of school and into adulthood. Additionally, while evidence was not identified in children and young people with SEND, the committee did note that it was important for activities to be adapted for children and young people with SEND. In terms of dietary components of healthy living/ obesity prevention interventions, previous NICE guidance recommended that in early years and school settings, staff should ensure that children eat regular, healthy meals in a pleasant, sociable environment free from other distractions (such as television). Children should be supervised at mealtimes and if possible, staff should eat with children. The committee agreed with the recommendation and therefore retained this recommendation but amended it further to state that children and young people should also eat regular, healthy meals (including packed lunches) or snacks in an inclusive environment. The committee also agreed that school settings should implement the Department for Education’s school food standards practical guide . 1.1.11.4. Cost effectiveness and resource use No economic modelling was conducted for this research question due to the lack of clinical effectiveness of obesity prevention programmes among children and young people. Two UK-based studies were identified in the economic review. The results from these studies appeared to be quite mixed. Canaway et al looked at the WAVES intervention in children aged 5 to 11, reporting neither clinical nor cost-effectiveness. Beheny et al looked at the Daily mile intervention in children aged 5 to 11, with the intervention shown to be cost-effective in the whole population, but not cost-effective in the subgroup of boys. The study had serious limitations, largely stemming from a high percentage (47%) of missing data. Given the limited evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of obesity prevention interventions for children and young people, no major change was made to the existing recommendations. In addition, the majority of the recommendations were related to children and young people’s behavioural issues and were made based on committee consensus. Therefore, the recommendations are in line with the current practice and are unlikely to lead to a significant cost impact. There is some evidence on the improvement in quality of life, although limited evidence was found on the prevention of obesity cases. It suggests that there’s a wider range of outcomes related to these interventions, such as mental health outcomes, eating disorders and concentration. 1.1.11.5. Other factors the committee took into account Current practice and supporting guidance The committee noted that in practice, commercial interventions are available that can be utilised by local authorities and implemented within schools and early years settings. However, some interventions can be costly with limited effectiveness. The committee noted that some local authorities have utilised principles of obesity prevention outlined in guidance, such as NICE guidelines, to develop and implement their own interventions. These interventions may not necessarily focus just on obesity prevention, but principles of obesity prevention may be applied to aid children, young people and their families and carers into developing healthier habits and behaviours. The committee therefore suggested that nurseries and other childcare facilities should implement the Department for Educations’ Early years foundation stage statutory framework , the Department for Education’s school foods standards practical guide , and follow other guidance on healthier food provision., They also agreed that staff delivering physical education, sport and other physical activity in schools should follow the UK Chief Medical Officer’s physical activity guidelines . Additionally, the interventions identified in evidence varied in terms of how they were developed, their components and how they were delivered. Therefore, recommendations promoting the use of one approach to obesity prevention could not be drafted. Furthermore, the original question drafted focused on the concept of healthy living programmes. The committee noted that with a shift in how obesity prevention programmes are being used in practice, the terms healthy living interventions or obesity prevention interventions would be more appropriate. Based on this discussion, the term obesity prevention interventions or healthy living interventions are utilised in this review. Factors to be considered when planning interventions The 2006 guidance recommended that staff planning interventions within schools should consider the views of children and young people, any differences in preferences between boys and girls, and potential barriers to these interventions. While committee agreed with the sentiments outlined in this recommendation, they noted that there are several factors that need to be considered when planning school interventions. The secondary objectives of the Cochrane reviews were to collect information to explore if, how and why the effectiveness of interventions on BMI or BMI z-score varied on factors related to health inequity. This included factors such as place of residence, race/ethnicity/culture/language, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status and social capital. The Cochrane reviews included a number of studies with children and young people from different family backgrounds, however subgroup analyses could not be conducted due to the availability of the evidence. Within their reviews, the authors urged researchers to collect baseline information on factors related to health inequity and highlighted the importance of analysing the effect of these interventions by these factors. While the committee did not have direct evidence on the effectiveness of these interventions by sex, culture or beliefs they noted that these were important factors to be considered. Based on this belief, the committee recommended that staff planning school-based interventions should take into account the views of children and young people and any difference in preferences because of sex, culture or belief. They also noted that sensory needs of children can also vary and therefore is an important factor that needs to be considered when planning interventions. The committee also stated that in early-years settings, catering should also be adapted to accommodate to different cultural preferences and beliefs while maintaining nutritional standards. Evidence bases for interventions Since the previous Cochrane review (Brown 2019), the evidence base on effectiveness of healthy living or obesity prevention interventions has grown considerably. However, while the evidence base has increased, the conclusions that can be drawn out from these studies have not altered and a limited number of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of these interventions. The committee noted that in practice, local authorities or staff planning interventions may end up using interventions that have not demonstrated clinical and cost-effectiveness. Based on this understanding, the committee noted that it was important for staff to take into account the evidence for different interventions when planning school-based interventions. Additionally, as a huge body of evidence was identified which explored the effectiveness of these interventions, the committee decided not to draft any further research recommendations. However, they noted as the aim of healthy living interventions is to prevent overweight and obesity, future studies should focus on outcomes such as prevalence of overweight and obesity rather than measures such as change in BMI or BMI z-score. They noted that these measures are useful in evaluating overweight and obesity management interventions which include population of children and people who are already living with overweight or obesity. However, as healthy living interventions can include children and young people of healthy weight, it would be more useful to see any changes in prevalence of overweight and obesity. Additional areas of concern While evidence was not sought or identified on the length of time children and young people should be given to finish their meals, the committee noted that there is concern that children and young people are not given adequate to finish their meals. Case studies on length of the school week s developed by the Department for Education highlighted that different approaches are being used across the country. For example, some schools include shorter lunchtimes (for example a 30 minute lunch break) to help improve pupils’ levels of concentration, behaviours and attitudes during afternoon lessons. Other schools have opted to make break times a key part of the school day and provide a 20 minute morning break which is timetabled as talking or snack time and a one-hour lunch period which includes 30 minutes of eating time and 30 minutes given to structured play time. The committee were concerned that due to shorter lunchtimes, young people may opt for unhealthier food options, such as fast food, that can be consumed quickly, or may eat their meals quickly without sufficient time to register feelings of fullness which may contribute to overeating.. Based on this concern, the committee recommended that early years and school settings should ensure that children and young people are given adequate time to finish their meals. 1.1.12. Recommendations supported by this evidence review This evidence review supports recommendations 1.6.1 to 1.6.8. The committee did not make any research recommendations for this review. 1.1.13. References – included studies 1.1.13.1. Effectiveness Spiga F, Davies A, Tomlinson E, Moore THM, Dawson S, Breheny K, Savović J, Gao Y, Phillips SM, Hillier-Brown F, Hodder RK, Wolfenden L, Higgins JPT, Summerbell CD. Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2024, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD015328. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015328.pub2. [ PMC free article : PMC11102828 ] [ PubMed : 38763517 ] [ CrossRef ] Spiga F, Tomlinson E, Davies A, Moore THM, Dawson S, Breheny K, Savović J, Hodder RK, Wolfenden L, Higgins JPT, Summerbell CD. Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 12 to 18 years old. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2024, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD015330. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD015330.pub2. [ PMC free article : PMC11102824 ] [ PubMed : 38763518 ] [ CrossRef ] 1.1.13.2. Economic Canaway, A., Frew, E., Lancashire, E., Pallan, M., Hemming, K., Adab, P. and WAVES Trial Investigators, 2019. Economic evaluation of a childhood obesity prevention programme for children: Results from the WAVES cluster randomised controlled trial conducted in schools. PloS one, 14(7), p.e0219500. [ PMC free article : PMC6619792 ] [ PubMed : 31291330 ] Breheny, K., Passmore, S., Adab, P., Martin, J., Hemming, K., Lancashire, E.R. and Frew, E., 2020. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of The Daily Mile on childhood weight outcomes and wellbeing: a cluster randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Obesity, 44(4), pp.812–822. [ PMC free article : PMC7101281 ] [ PubMed : 31988481 ] 1.1.13.3. Other None Appendices Appendix A. Review protocols Review protocol for healthy living programmes in children and young people See Cochrane review protocols for: Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 2 to 4 years old (Moore 2022) Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 5 to 11 years old (Moore 2022) Interventions to prevent obesity in children aged 12 to 18 years old (Moore 2022) Appendix B. Literature search strategies Clinical searches Clinical searches were conducted by University of Bristol and University of Durham using the same search strategy. The searches were conducted on 7 th October 2022 for the 2–4 years review, and 26 th September 2021 for the 5–11 years and 12–18 years reviews. For full search strategies please see the relevant sections of the Cochrane reviews. Health economics Background and development Search design and peer review A NICE information specialist conducted the literature searches for the evidence review. The searches were run on 19 th May 2022. This search report is compliant with the requirements of PRISMA-S . The MEDLINE strategy below was quality assured (QA) by a trained NICE information specialist. All translated search strategies were peer reviewed to ensure their accuracy. Both procedures were adapted from the 2016 PRESS Checklist . The principal search strategy was developed in MEDLINE (Ovid interface) and adapted, as appropriate, for use in the other sources listed in the protocol, taking into account their size, search functionality and subject coverage. Review management The search results were managed in EPPI-Reviewer v5. Duplicates were removed in EPPI-R5 using a two-step process. First, automated deduplication is performed using a high-value algorithm. Second, manual deduplication is used to assess ‘low-probability’ matches. All decisions made for the review can be accessed via the deduplication history. Prior work The strategy was taken from the Cochrane systematic review: Interventions for preventing obesity in children . Additional terms, supplied by Cochrane, were also included in the strategy so that the NICE searches for economic information matched the searches for clinical information (gathered by Cochrane). Limits and restrictions English language limits were applied in adherence to standard NICE practice and the review protocol. Limits to exclude letters, editorials, news, conferences were applied in adherence to standard NICE practice and the review protocol. The search was limited from 2015 to 2022 as defined in the review protocol. The limit to remove animal studies in the searches was the standard NICE practice, which has been adapted from: Dickersin, K., Scherer, R., & Lefebvre, C. (1994). Systematic Reviews: Identifying relevant studies for systematic reviews. BMJ , 309(6964), 1286. [ PMC free article : PMC2541778 ] [ PubMed : 7718048 ] Search filters Cost effectiveness searches The NICE cost utility (specific) filter was applied to the Medline and Embase searches to identify cost utility studies. Cost Utility filter is available via the ISSG search filters resource The following search filters were applied to the search strategies in MEDLINE and Embase to identify cost-effectiveness studies: Glanville J et al (2009) Development and Testing of Search Filters to Identify Economic Evaluations in MEDLINE and EMBASE. Alberta: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH) Several modifications have been made to these filters over the years that are standard NICE practice. Key decisions The search strategy was taken from the Cochrane systematic review: Interventions for preventing obesity in children with additional terms added. The date limit was amended from the Cochrane review to 2015–2022. The search fields were also amended from .af to .ti,ab to reduce the number of irrelevant results. The term playthings was truncated to playthings* in this strategy. Cost-effectiveness searches Download PDF (216K) Appendix C. Effectiveness evidence study selection Children aged 2 to 4 years (PDF, 116K) Children aged 5 to 11 years (PDF, 134K) Children aged 12 to 18 years (PDF, 162K) Appendix D. Effectiveness evidence Children aged 2 to 4 years (PDF, 302K) Children aged 5 to 11 years (PDF, 1.6M) Children aged 12 to 18 years (PDF, 808K) Appendix E. Forest plots Children aged 2 to 4 years (PDF, 159K) Children aged 5 to 11 years (PDF, 561K) Children aged 12 to 18 years (PDF, 435K) Appendix F. GRADE tables Children aged 2 to 4 years (PDF, 154K) Children aged 5 to 11 years (PDF, 190K) Children aged 12 to 18 years (PDF, 217K) Appendix G. Economic evidence study selection Download PDF (97K) Appendix H. Economic evidence tables Table 27. Canaway et al (2022) (PDF, 248K) Table 28. Breheny et al (2020) (PDF, 225K) Table 29. Applicability checklist (PDF, 193K) Table 30. Limitations checklist (PDF, 101K) Appendix I. Health economic model Not applicable. Appendix J. Excluded studies Effectiveness evidence - Children aged 2 to 4 years Data currently unavailable; awaiting final list of excluded studies from Cochrane. Effectiveness evidence - Children aged 5 to 11 years and 12 to 18 years Note the same database searches were conducted for the two age groups simultaneously therefore there is some overlap in the excluded studies. View in own window n Full reference Reason for exclusion Age group 1 Abbott-Shim, Martha, Richard Lambert, and Frances McCart. 2000. "A Study of Head Start Effectiveness Using a Randomized Design." In. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 2 Abood, Doris A., David R. Black, and Daniel C. Coster. 2008. 'Evaluation of a School-Based Teen Obesity Prevention Minimal Intervention', Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 40: 168–74. [ PubMed : 18457785 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 3 ACTRN12616000974404. 2016. 'The effect of a web-based, menu planning intervention on childcare provision of food in line with dietary guidelines', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ACTRN12616000974404 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 4 ACTRN 12616000980437. 2016. "Whole of Systems Trial Of Prevention Strategies for childhood obesity: WHO STOPS childhood obesity." In, ACTRN12616000980437. [ PMC free article : PMC5129353 ] [ PubMed : 27854354 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 5 ACTRN 12618000293268. 2018. 'Embedding High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) into the school day: the 'Burn 2 Learn' program for senior school students', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ACTRN12618000293268 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 6 ACTRN12621000055808. 2021b. 'Healthy Conversations @ Playgroup: effect of a Healthy Conversations intervention for parents, targeting healthy lifestyle behaviours and obesity in young children attending community playgroups', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ACTRN12621000055808 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 7 ACTRN12621000529842. 2021a. 'Giving donor milk instead of formula in moderate-late preterm infants: the GIFT trial', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ACTRN12621000529842 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 8 ACTRN12621000987864. 2021. 'Assessing the impact of a multi-component implementation intervention on early childhood education and care (ECEC) services implementation of indoor-outdoor free play recommendations and the effect on opportunities for child outdoor free play.'. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 9 ACTRN12622000406707. 2022c. 'Evaluating the efficacy of a multi-component dissemination strategy on the adoption of a school-based lunchbox nutrition program on the NSW Mid North Coast Local Health District of New South Wales'. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 10 ACTRN12622000600741. 2022e. 'Testing the effectiveness and implementation at scale of TransformUs program on physical activity and sitting time in Australian Secondary Schools.'. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 11 ACTRN12622000861752. 2022d. 'Identifying strategies to support implementation of the Resistance Training for Teens (RT for Teens) school-based health-related fitness program for adolescents'. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 12 ACTRN12622000878774. 2022a. "Adventure & Veg' - the effectiveness of a parental text message and social media program on primary-school aged children's physical activity and vegetable eating behaviours; a randomised, controlled trial (pilot study).'. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 13 ACTRN12622001089729. 2022b. 'Assessing the feasibility, acceptability and potential impact of utilising a strategy to increase the sustainment of outdoor free play programs in early childhood education and care services.'. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 14 Aflague, T. F., G. Badowski, H. Sanchez, D. Sablan, C. M. Schroeder, E. Sanchez, and R. T. Leon Guerrero. 2021. 'Improving Willingness to Try Fruits and Vegetables and Gross Motor Skills in Preschool Children in Guam', Nutrients, 14. [ PMC free article : PMC8747019 ] [ PubMed : 35010968 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 15 Ainara Garde, Aryannah Umedaly, S. Mazdak Abulnaga, Leah Robertson, Anne Junker, Jean Pierre Chanoine, J. Mark Ansermino, and Guy A. Dumont. 2015. 'Assessment of a Mobile Game ("MobileKids Monster Manor") to Promote Physical Activity Among Children', Games for health journal, 4: 149–58. [ PubMed : 26181809 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 16 Akçinar, Faruk, and Bilge Eroglu. 2020. 'An Investigation of the Effect of Aerobic and Aerobic-Submaximal Exercises on Body Mass Index in Adolescents at the Risk of Obesity', African Educational Research Journal, 8:110–20. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 17 Allender, S., Millar L., Hovmand P., Bell C., Moodie M., Carter R., Swinburn B., Strugnell C., Lowe J., de la Haye K., Orellana L., and Morgan S. 2016. 'Whole of Systems Trial of Prevention Strategies for Childhood Obesity: WHO STOPS Childhood Obesity', International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health [Electronic Resource], 13: 16. [ PMC free article : PMC5129353 ] [ PubMed : 27854354 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 18 Allender, S., L. Orellana, N. Crooks, K. A. Bolton, P. Fraser, A. D. Brown, H. Le, J. Lowe, K. de la Haye, L. Millar, and et al 2021. 'Four-Year Behavioral, Health-Related Quality of Life, and BMI Outcomes from a Cluster Randomized Whole of Systems Trial of Prevention Strategies for Childhood Obesity', Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 29: 1022–35. [ PMC free article : PMC8251751 ] [ PubMed : 33950583 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 19 Alon, D., C. V. Sousa, and A. S. Lu. 2021. 'What Type of Body Shape Moves Children? An Experimental Exploration of the Impact of Narrative Cartoon Character Body Shape on Children's Narrative Engagement, Wishful Identification, and Exercise Motivation', Front Psychol, 12: 653626. [ PMC free article : PMC8312721 ] [ PubMed : 34322057 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 20 Annan, R. A., C. Apprey, G. O. Agyemang, D. M. Tuekpe, O. Asamoah-Boakye, S. Okonogi, T. Yamauchi, and T. Sakurai. 2021. 'Nutrition education improves knowledge and bmi-for-age in ghanaian school-aged children', African Health Sciences, 21(2): 927–41. [ PMC free article : PMC8568213 ] [ PubMed : 34795753 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 21 Anshory J, Ahmad LOI. 2019. 'The effect of dhikr before bedtime on sleeping duration and weight among primary school children', Indian journal of public health research and development, 10: 539–44. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 22 Ara, G., M. Khanam, N. Papri, I. Kabir, and M. Dibley. 2017. 'Does peer counseling promote appropriate infant feeding and better growth in infants in urban slums in Bangladesh?', Annals of nutrition & metabolism, 71: 397–98. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 23 Arianas, E. A., K. M. Rankin, K. F. Norr, and R. C. White-Traut. 2017. 'Maternal weight status and responsiveness to preterm infant behavioral cues during feeding', BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 17: 113. [ PMC free article : PMC5387281 ] [ PubMed : 28399825 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 24 Arlinghaus, K. R., D. P. O'Connor, T. A. Ledoux, S. O. Hughes, and C. A. Johnston. 2021. 'The Role of Early and Later Response on Overall Outcomes in School-Based Obesity Intervention', Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 29: 177–83. [ PubMed : 33225618 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 25 Arnaiz, P., L. Adams, I. Muller, M. Gerber, C. Walter, R. du Randt, P. Steinmann, M. M. Bergman, H. Seelig, D. van Greunen, J. Utzinger, and U. Puhse. 2021. 'Sustainability of a school-based health intervention for prevention of non-communicable diseases in marginalised communities: protocol for a mixed-methods cohort study', BMJ Open, 11: e047296. [ PMC free article : PMC8493924 ] [ PubMed : 34610931 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 26 Arthur, K., N. Christofides, and G. Nelson. 2021. 'Effectiveness of a pre-adolescent inter-generational intervention to address HIV and obesity in South Africa, using a pretest-posttest design', BMC Public Health, 21: 2251. [ PMC free article : PMC8665511 ] [ PubMed : 34895196 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 27 Askelson, Natoshia M., Patrick Brady, Grace Ryan, Cristian Meier, Cristina Ortiz, Carrie Scheidel, and Patti Delger. 2019. 'Actively involving middle school students in the implementation of a pilot of a behavioral economics-based lunchroom intervention in rural schools', Health Promotion Practice, 20: 675–83. [ PMC free article : PMC7248680 ] [ PubMed : 30326740 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 28 Austin, E. W., B. Austin, C. K. Kaiser, Z. Edwards, L. Parker, and T. G. Power. 2020. 'A Media Literacy-Based Nutrition Program Fosters Parent-Child Food Marketing Discussions, Improves Home Food Environment, and Youth Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables', Child Obes, 16: S33–S43. [ PubMed : 32311295 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 29 Autkar Pusdekar Y, Dixit JV, Badhoniya N. 2022. 'Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention for pre-hypertension and hypertension among school children of age group 13–17 years in an urban area in Eastern Maharashtra: study protocol for a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial', NeuroQuantology, 20: 1916. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 30 Ayala, Guadalupe Xochitl. 2006. "An experimental evaluation of a group- versus computer-based intervention to improve food portion size estimation skills." In, 133–45. United Kingdom. [ PMC free article : PMC3724534 ] [ PubMed : 16100228 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 31 Babic, M. J., J. J. Smith, P. J. Morgan, C. Lonsdale, R. C. Plotnikoff, N. Eather, G. Skinner, A. L. Baker, E. Pollock, and D. R. Lubans. 2016. 'Intervention to reduce recreational screen-time in adolescents: outcomes and mediators from the 'Switch-Off 4 Healthy Minds' (S4HM) cluster randomized controlled trial', Preventive medicine, 91: 50–57. [ PubMed : 27471018 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 32 Ball, C., E. Novotny, S. J. Ahn, L. Hahn, M. D. Schmidt, L. Rathbun S, K. Johnsen, and M. Potel. 2022. 'Scaling the Virtual Fitness Buddy Ecosystem as a School-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Children', IEEE Comput Graph Appl, 42: 105–15. [ PMC free article : PMC9016571 ] [ PubMed : 34898431 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 33 Baltaci, A. 2022. Ľatino Father-Focused, Healthy Lifestyle Intervention to Improve Adolescent Energy Balance-Related Behaviors', Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, https://hdl ​.handle.net/11299/226661 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 34 Baltaci, A., G. A. Hurtado Choque, C. Davey, A. Reyes Peralta, S. Alvarez de Davila, Y. Zhang, A. Gold, N. Larson, and M. Reicks. 2022. 'Padres Preparados, Jovenes Saludables: intervention impact of a randomized controlled trial on Latino father and adolescent energy balance-related behaviors', BMC Public Health, 22: 1932. [ PMC free article : PMC9578196 ] [ PubMed : 36258168 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 35 Banerjee, Paromita, Vishnu Vardhana Rao Mendu, Damayanthi Korrapati, and SubbaRao M. Gavaravarapu. 2020. 'Calorie counting smart phone apps: Effectiveness in nutritional awareness, lifestyle modification and weight management among young Indian adults', Health Informatics Journal, 26: 816–28. [ PubMed : 31195885 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 36 Banos, R. M., A. Cebolla, E. Oliver, M. Alcaniz, and C. Botella. 2013. 'Efficacy and Acceptability of an Internet Platform to Improve the Learning of Nutritional Knowledge in Children: The ETIOBE Mates', Health Education Research, 28: 234–48. [ PubMed : 22498924 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 37 Barkin, Shari L., Sabina B. Gesell, Eli K. Po'e, Juan Escarfuller, and Tommaso Tempesti. 2019. "'Culturally tailored, family-centered, behavioral obesity intervention for Latino-American preschool-aged children": Errata', Pediatrics, 143. [ PMC free article : PMC4074623 ] [ PubMed : 22869834 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 38 Barlow, S. E., A. Lorenzi, A. Reid, R. Huang, J. S. Yudkin, and S. E. Messiah. 2021. 'The Implementation and Five-Year Evolution of a Childhood Healthy Weight Program: Making a Health Care-Community Partnership Work', Child Obes, 17: 432–41. [ PubMed : 33945306 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 39 Bartelink, Nina H. M., Sandra Mulkens, Suhreta Mujakovic, and Maria W. J. Jansen. 2018. 'Long-Term Effects of the Realfit Intervention on Self-Esteem and Food Craving', Child Care in Practice, 24: 65–75. [ PMC free article : PMC4195267 ] [ PubMed : 25302441 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 40 Bavarian, N., K. M. Lewis, A. Acock, D. L. DuBois, Z. Yan, S. Vuchinich, N. Silverthorn, J. Day, and B. R. Flay. 2016. 'Effects of a School-Based Social-Emotional and Character Development Program on Health Behaviors: a Matched-Pair, Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial', Journal of primary prevention, 37: 87–105. [ PMC free article : PMC5007948 ] [ PubMed : 26781590 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 41 Bean, M. K., H. A. Raynor, L. M. Thornton, L. de Jonge, and S. E. Mazzeo. 2022. 'Design and rationale for evaluating the impact of salad bars on elementary school students' fruit, vegetable, and energy intake: a wait list control, cluster randomized controlled trial', BMC Public Health, 22: 2304. [ PMC free article : PMC9733053 ] [ PubMed : 36494649 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 42 Bean, M. K., J. G. LaRose, H. A. Raynor, E. L. Adams, R. K. Evans, S. Farthing, E. P. Wickham, 3rd, and S. E. Mazzeo. 2022. 'The role of parents in adolescent obesity treatment: Results of the TEENS+ randomized clinical pilot trial', Pediatr Obes, 17: el2858. [ PMC free article : PMC8993159 ] [ PubMed : 34605188 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 43 Beckmann, J., S. Nqweniso, S. Ludyga, R. du Randt, A. Gresse, K. Z. Long, M. Nienaber, H. Seelig, U. Puhse, P. Steinmann, J. Utzinger, C. Walter, M. Gerber, and C. Lang. 2022. 'Evaluation of a Physical Activity and Multi-Micronutrient Intervention on Cognitive and Academic Performance in South African Primary Schoolchildren', Nutrients, 14. [ PMC free article : PMC9268611 ] [ PubMed : 35807790 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 44 Beets, M. W. Glenn Weaver, R. Turner-McGrievy, G. Huberty, J. Ward, D. S. Freedman, D. A. Saunders, R. Pate, R. R. Beighle, A. Hutto, B. Moore, J. B. 2014. 'Making healthy eating and physical activity policy practice: the design and overview of a group randomized controlled trial in afterschool programs', Contemporary clinical trials, 38: 291–303. [ PMC free article : PMC4104269 ] [ PubMed : 24893225 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 45 Beets, M. W. Weaver, R. G. Turner-McGrievy, G. Huberty, J. Ward, D. S. Pate, R. R. Freedman, D. Hutto, B. Moore, J. B. Bottai, M. Chandler, J. Brazendale, K. Beighle, A. 2016. 'Physical activity outcomes in afterschool programs: A group randomized controlled trial', Preventive medicine, 90: 207–15. [ PMC free article : PMC5014716 ] [ PubMed : 27397608 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11 46 Belansky, Elaine S., Nick Cutforth, Robert Chavez, Lori A. Crane, Emily Waters, and Julie A. Marshall. 2013. 'Adapted Intervention Mapping: A Strategic Planning Process for Increasing Physical Activity and Healthy Eating Opportunities in Schools via Environment and Policy Change', Journal of School Health, 83: 194–205. [ PubMed : 23343320 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 47 Belcher, J. D., R. C. Ellison, W. E. Shepard, C. Bigelow, L. S. Webber, J. H. Wilmore, G. S. Parcel, D. M. Zucker, and R. V. Luepker. 1993. Ľipid and lipoprotein distributions in children by ethnic group, gender, and geographic location--preliminary findings of the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH)', Preventive medicine, 22: 143–53. [ PubMed : 8512601 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 48 Bellows, Laura Leigh. 2008. 'Development and evaluation of food friends get movin' with mighty moves(tm), a physical activity program to prevent obesity in low-income preschoolers', Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 69: 254. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 49 Berger-Jenkins, Evelyn, John Rausch, Ebiere Okah, Daisy Tsao, Andres Nieto, Elizabeth Lyda, Dodi Meyer, and Mary McCord. 2014. 'Evaluation of a Coordinated School-Based Obesity Prevention Program in a Hispanic Community: Choosing Healthy and Active Lifestyles for Kids/healthy Schools Healthy Families', American Journal of Health Education, 45: 261–70. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 50 Blaney, David D., Regina T. Flynn, Nancy R. Martin, and Ludmila Anderson. 2010. 'Establishing the Baseline Height and Weight Status of New Hampshire Head Start Children, 2007–2008', NHSA Dialog, 13: 217–24. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 51 Blom-Hoffman, Jessica, Kaila R. Wilcox, Liam Dunn, Stephen S. Leff, and Thomas J. Power. 2008. 'Family Involvement in School-Based Health Promotion: Bringing Nutrition Information Home', School Psychology Review, 37: 567–77. [ PMC free article : PMC2714582 ] [ PubMed : 19633724 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 52 Blue Bird Jernigan, V., T. Taniguchi, A. Haslam, M. B. Williams, T. L. Maudrie, C. J. Nikolaus, M. S. Wetherill, T. Jacob, C. V. Love, and S. Sisson. 2022. 'Design and Methods of a Participatory Healthy Eating Intervention for Indigenous Children: The FRESH Study', Front Public Health, 10: 790008. [ PMC free article : PMC8920553 ] [ PubMed : 35296044 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 53 Bohnert, Amy M., Edin T. Randall, Stephanie Tharp, and Julie Germann. 2011. 'The Development and Evaluation of a Portion Plate for Youth: A Pilot Study', Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 43: 268–73. [ PubMed : 21367664 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 54 Bratic, Milovan, Andela Dosic, Danijela Zivkovic, Mladen Zivkovic, Ljiljana Bjelakovic, Nikola Stojanovic, Marija Dordevic, Nikola Prvulovic, and Sasa Pantelic. 2022. 'The Effects of the Aerobic Endurance Running Program on the Morphological Characteristics of Adolescent Girls with Different Nutritional Status', International Journal of Morphology, 40:1335–43. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 55 Braun, A., E. Hill, K. Al-Muhanna, N. Stigall, J. Lobb, J. Rausch, J. Portner, K. Evans, C. Spees, and I. Adams. 2019. 'Garden-Based Intervention for Youth Improves Dietary and Physical Activity Patterns, Quality of Life, Family Relationships, and Indices of Health', Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 51: S20. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11 56 Braun, M., Cook C., Mukherjea R., and Liska D. A. 2016. "A randomized, controlled, parallel study to assess the effects of soy protein on body composition and general health parameters in healthy children." In FASEB Journal. Conference: Experimental Biology. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11 57 Brewer, L. C., S. Jenkins, S. N. Hayes, A. Kumbamu, C. Jones, L. E. Burke, L. A. Cooper, and C. A. Patten. 2022. 'Community-Based, Cluster-Randomized Pilot Trial of a Cardiovascular Mobile Health Intervention: Preliminary Findings of the FAITH! Trial', Circulation, 146: 175–90. [ PMC free article : PMC9287100 ] [ PubMed : 35861762 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 58 Brooks, Fiona, and Magnusson. 2006. "Taking part counts: adolescents' experiences of the transition from inactivity to active participation in school-based physical education." In, 872–83. United Kingdom. [ PubMed : 16714367 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 59 Brown, C. L., and E. M. Perrin. 2018. 'Obesity Prevention and Treatment in Primary Care', Acad Pediatr, 18: 736–45. [ PubMed : 29852268 ] Ineligible type of publication 12–18 60 Brown, H. S., 3rd, A. Pérez, Y. P. Li, D. M. Hoelscher, S. H. Kelder, and R. Rivera. 2007. 'The cost-effectiveness of a school-based overweight program', Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 4: 47. [ PMC free article : PMC2098777 ] [ PubMed : 17908315 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 61 Brown, V., M. Moodie, H. N. Q. Tran, M. Sultana, K. E. Hunter, R. Byrne, D. Zarnowiecki, A. L. Seidler, R. Golley, R. Taylor, K. D. Hesketh, and K. Matvienko-Sikar. 2021. 'Protocol for the development of Core Outcome Sets for Early intervention trials to Prevent Obesity in CHildren (COS-EPOCH)', BMJ Open, 11: e048104. [ PMC free article : PMC8728369 ] [ PubMed : 34301658 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 62 Bryant, M., M. Collinson, W. Burton, E. Stamp, H. Schofield, B. Copsey, S. Hartley, E. Webb, and A. J. Farrin. 2021. 'Cluster randomised controlled feasibility study of HENRY: a communitybased intervention aimed at reducing obesity rates in preschool children', Pilot feasibility stud, 7: 59. [ PMC free article : PMC7908721 ] [ PubMed : 33632330 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 63 Buosi, William. 2017. 'Breakfast and morning appetite in children and adolescents', British Library - Electronic Theses Online Service (EThOS). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 64 Burgermaster, Marissa. 2015. '<i>Food, Health & Choices</i> Implementation and Context: The Case for a Comprehensive Approach to Process Evaluation in School-Based Childhood Obesity Prevention Trials', Columbia University. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 65 Burton, Wendy. 2021. 'The development and evaluation of a complex intervention to promote participant engagement with a public health programme', British Library - Electronic Theses Online Service (EThOS). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 66 Butel, J., K. L. Braun, C. R. Nigg, R. Leon Guerrero, T. Fleming, A. Bersamin, P. Coleman, and R. Novotny. 2020. 'Estimating intervention dose of the multilevel multisite children's healthy living program intervention', Translational behavioral medicine, 10: 989–97. [ PubMed : 31116404 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 67 Butel, Jean A. 2018. 'Informing the Process of the Collective-Efficacy-Mechanism-to-Action Model through Analysis of a Multilevel, Multisite Intervention: The Children's Healthy Living Program', University of Hawai'i at Manoa. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 68 Calancie, L., D. Nappi, J. Appel, E. Hennessy, A. R. Korn, J. Mitchell, A. Patrick, K. Werner, and C. D. Economos. 2022. 'Implementing and Evaluating a Stakeholder-Driven Community Diffusion-Informed Early Childhood Intervention to Prevent Obesity, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 2018–2020', Prev Chronic Dis, 19: E03. [ PMC free article : PMC8794263 ] [ PubMed : 35050848 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 69 Calvo-Malvar, M., A. J. Benitez-Estevez, J. Sanchez-Castro, R. Leis, and F. Gude. 2021. 'Effects of a Community-Based Behavioral Intervention with a Traditional Atlantic Diet on Cardiometabolic Risk Markers: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial ("The GALIAT Study")', Nutrients, 13: 07. [ PMC free article : PMC8067574 ] [ PubMed : 33916940 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 70 Calvo-Malvar, M., A. J. Benitez-Estevez, R. Leis, J. Sanchez-Castro, and F. Gude. 2021. 'Changes in Dietary Patterns through a Nutritional Intervention with a Traditional Atlantic Diet: The Galiat Randomized Controlled Trial', Nutrients, 13. [ PMC free article : PMC8704078 ] [ PubMed : 34959784 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 71 Carlin, A. Murphy, M. H. Gallagher, A. M. 2015. "The WISH study: The effect of peer-led Walking in ScHools on school-time physical activity." In Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Conference: Irish Section Meeting Nutrition at Key Life Stages: New Findings, New Approaches. Ireland. Ineligible study design 12–18 72 Carlin, A., M. H. Murphy, A. Nevill, and A. M. Gallagher. 2018. 'Effects of a peer-led Walking In ScHools intervention (the WISH study) on physical activity levels of adolescent girls: a cluster randomised pilot study', Trials [Electronic Resource], 19: 31. [ PMC free article : PMC5765605 ] [ PubMed : 29325578 ] Ineligible study design 12–18 73 Carson, Valerie, Dawne Clark, Nancy Ogden, Vicki Harber, and Nicholas Kuzik. 2015. 'Short-Term Influence of Revised Provincial Accreditation Standards on Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, and Weight Status in Alberta, Canada Child Care Centers', Early Childhood Education Journal, 43: 459–65. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 74 Cason-Wilkerson, R., S. G. Scott, K. Albright, and M. Haemer. 2022. 'Exploration of Changes in Low-Income Latino Families' Beliefs about Obesity, Nutrition, and Physical Activity: A Qualitative Post-Intervention Study', Behav Sci (Basel), 12. [ PMC free article : PMC8945531 ] [ PubMed : 35323392 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 75 Cepni, A. B., A. Taylor, C. Crumbley, D. Thompson, N. E. Moran, N. Olvera, P. O'Connor D, K. R. Arlinghaus, C. A. Johnston, and T. A. Ledoux. 2021. 'Feasibility and efficacy of the "FUNPALs playgroup" intervention to improve toddler dietary and activity behaviors: A pilot randomized controlled trial', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15) (no pagination). [ PMC free article : PMC8345510 ] [ PubMed : 34360118 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 76 Cepni, A. B., A. Taylor, D. Thompson, N. E. Moran, N. Olvera, D. P. O'Connor, C. A. Johnston, and T. A. Ledoux. 2021. 'Exploring qualities of ethnically diverse parents related to the healthy home environment of toddlers', Appetite, 167: 105608. [ PubMed : 34302899 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 77 Chai, L. K., C. E. Collins, C. May, A. Ashman, C. Holder, L. J. Brown, and T. L. Burrows. 2021. 'Feasibility and efficacy of a web-based family telehealth nutrition intervention to improve child weight status and dietary intake: A pilot randomised controlled trial', J Telemed Telecare, 27:146–58. [ PubMed : 31364474 ] Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 78 Chang, Huiru. 2016. 'Changes in Physical Activity Patterns and Dietary Intake in Chinese Youth and Their Associations with Obesity: A Longitudinal Study in Nanjing City, China', State University of New York at Buffalo. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 79 Chen, Y. Ma, L. Ma, Y. Wang, H. Luo, J. Zhang, X. Luo, C. Wang, H. Zhao, H. Pan, D. Zhu, Y. Cai, L. Zou, Z. Yang, W. Ma, J. Jing, J. 2015. 'A national school-based health lifestyles interventions among Chinese children and adolescents against obesity: rationale, design and methodology of a randomized controlled trial in China', BMC Public Health, 15: 210. [ PMC free article : PMC4355994 ] [ PubMed : 25885323 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 80 ChiCTR2000035414. 2020. 'Effect of "Magic Football" and "Mini-Basketball" Project on Four Domains of Preschooler's Development: a Three-arm Randomized Controlled Trial’, http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ChiCTR2000035414 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 81 ChiCTR-ONRC-14004143. 2014. ’Multifaceted Approach for Early Childhood Physical Fitness Promotion: impacts on Growth and Physical Fitness in Beijing Young Children 1 , http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ChiCTR-ONRC-14004143 . [ PMC free article : PMC4108008 ] [ PubMed : 24886119 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 82 Chinchanachokchai, Sydney, Eric M. Jamelske, and Erin Vernon. 2022. 'Impact of teacher encouragement on children's consumption and non-eating behaviour in a Wisconsin elementary school vegetable snack programme’, Health Education Journal, 81: 265–79. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 83 Christian, Meaghan Sarah. 2013. ’Can a school gardening intervention improve children's fruit and vegetable intake?: an evaluation of two clustered randomised controlled trials', University of Leeds (United Kingdom). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 84 Christiansen, L. B. Toftager, M. Boyle, E. Kristensen, P. L. Troelsen, J. 2013. 'Effect of a school environment intervention on adolescent adiposity and physical fitness', Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 23: e381–e89. [ PubMed : 23730899 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11 85 Chwo, M. J., G. C. Anderson, M. Good, D. A. Dowling, S. H. Shiau, and D. M. Chu. 2002. 'A randomized controlled trial of early kangaroo care for preterm infants: effects on temperature, weight, behavior, and acuity', Journal of nursing research, 10: 129–42. [ PubMed : 12119598 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 86 Cohen, D. D., G. R. Sandercock, P. A. Camacho, J. Otero-Wandurraga, S. M. P. Romero, Rdpm Marin, C. A. V. Sierra, J. Carreno, J. Moran, and P. Lopez-Jaramillo. 2021. 'The SIMAC study: A randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of resistance training and aerobic training on the fitness and body composition of Colombian adolescents', PLoS ONE, 16: e0248110. [ PMC free article : PMC8057582 ] [ PubMed : 33878107 ] Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 87 Coleman, C. M., G. L. Alexander, C. Barone, A. S. Bossick, Z. Kassem, M. Lu, Y. Zhou, and A. E. Cassidy-Bushrow. 2021. 'Influence of a One-Time Web-Based Provider Intervention on Patient-Reported Outcomes After the Well-Child Visit: A Feasibility Study', J, 8: 48–57. [ PMC free article : PMC7834176 ] [ PubMed : 33511253 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 88 Coleman, K. J. Tiller, C. L. Sanchez, J. Heath, E. M. Sy, O. Milliken, G. et al 2005. 'Prevention of the epidemic increase in child risk of overweight in low-income schools', Archives of Pedatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 159: 217–24. [ PubMed : 15753263 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 89 Collins, H. M., S. Fawkner, J. N. Booth, and A. Duncan. 2022. 'The impact of resistance training on strength and correlates of physical activity in youth', J Sports Sci, 40: 40–49. [ PubMed : 34533102 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 90 Contreras, D. A., T. L. Martoccio, H. E. Brophy-Herb, M. Horodynski, K. E. Peterson, A. L. Miller, N. Senehi, J. Sturza, N Kaciroti, and J. C. Lumeng. 2021. 'Rural-urban differences in body mass index and obesity-related behaviors among low-income preschoolers', J Public Health (Oxf), 43: e637–e44. [ PMC free article : PMC8677588 ] [ PubMed : 32964933 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 91 Cook, Tina-Louisa. 2014. 'Adolescents' dietary habits and physical activity: intervention implementation in schools and the role of the psychosocial determinants', DART-Europe Etheses Portal [ www ​.dart-europe.org ]. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 92 Costigan, S. A., N. Eather, R. C. Plotnikoff, D. R. Taaffe, E. Pollock, S. G. Kennedy, and D. R. Lubans. 2015. 'Preliminary efficacy and feasibility of embedding high intensity interval training into the school day: a pilot randomized controlled trial', Preventive medicine reports, 2: 973–79. [ PMC free article : PMC4733031 ] [ PubMed : 26844177 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 93 Cottrell, Lesley, Emily Spangler-Murphy, Valerie Minor, Amia Downes, Paula Nicholson, and William A. Neal. 2005. 'A Kindergarten Cardiovascular Risk Surveillance Study: CARDIAC-Kinder', American Journal of Health Behavior, 29: 595–606. [ PubMed : 16336114 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 94 Crabtree, D. R., W. Buosi, C. L. Fyfe, G. W. Horgan, Y. Manios, O. Androutsos, A. Giannopoulou, G. Finlayson, K. Beaulieu, C. L. Meek, J. J. Holst, K. Van Norren, J. G. Mercer, and A. M. Johnstone. 2020. 'Appetite control across the lifecourse: The acute impact of breakfast drink quantity and protein content, the full4health project', Nutrients, 12(12): 1–26. [ PMC free article : PMC7759987 ] [ PubMed : 33266325 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 95 Crooks, N., C. Strugnell, C. Bell, and S. Allender. 2017. 'Establishing a sustainable childhood obesity monitoring system in regional Victoria', Health Promot J Austr, 28: 96–102. [ PubMed : 28002719 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 96 CTRI/2012/11/003149. 2012. 'A clinical trial to study the effect of starting complementary food at 4 months compared to 6 months of age on growth of preterm infants born before 34 weeks of gestation', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID=CTRI ​/2012/11/003149 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 97 CTRI/2017/08/009260. 2017. 'Dharavi Nutrition Project’, http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID=CTRI ​/2017/08/009260 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 98 Cullen, Karen Weber, Agueda Lara Smalling, Debbe Thompson, Kathleen B. Watson, Debra Reed, and Karen Konzelmann. 2009. 'Creating Healthful Home Food Environments: Results of a Study with Participants in the Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program', Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 41: 380–88. [ PubMed : 19879493 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 99 Cunningham-Sabo, L. Lohse, B. Smith, S. Browning, R. Strutz, E. Nigg, C. Balgopal, M. Kelly, K. Ruder, E. 2016. 'Fuel for Fun: a cluster-randomized controlled study of cooking skills, eating behaviors, and physical activity of 4th graders and their families', BMC Public Health, 16: 444. [ PMC free article : PMC4882848 ] [ PubMed : 27230565 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 100 da Cruz, K. 2018. 'Effects of a randomized trial after-school physical activity club on the math achievement and executive functioning of girls', Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 78. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 101 Dai, Chia-Liang. 2014. 'Evaluation of an Afterschool Obesity Prevention Program: Children's Healthy Eating and Exercise Program', University of Cincinnati. Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 102 Damianidi, L., D. Gruszfeld, E. Verduci, F. Vecchi, A. Xhonneux, J. P. Langhendries, V. Luque, M. A. Theurich, M. Zaragoza-Jordana, B. Koletzko, and et al 2016. 'Protein intake and source during complementary feeding and growth up to 6 years of age, secondary data evaluation from the European Childhood Obesity Projecť, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. Conference: 49th annual meeting of the european society for paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition, ESPGHAN 2016. Athens greece. Conference start: 20160525. Conference end: 20160528. Conf, 62: 693–94. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 103 Dawson, J. A., A. W. Brown, and D. B. Allison. 2018. 'The stated conclusions are contradicted by the data, based on inappropriate statistics, and should be corrected: Comment on 'intervention for childhood obesity based on parents only or parents and child compared with follow-up alone", Pediatric Obesity, 13: 656–57. [ PMC free article : PMC6203607 ] [ PubMed : 30092611 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 104 de Greeff, J. W., E. Hartman, M. J. Mullender-Wijnsma, R. J. Bosker, S. Doolaard, and C. Visscher. 2016. 'Long-term effects of physically active academic lessons on physical fitness and executive functions in primary school children', Health Education Research, 31: 185–94. [ PubMed : 26826113 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 105 De Oliveira, F. 2015. 'Intervention through the curriculum for the prevention of obesity in schoolchildren, a two-year evaluation in urban public and private schools in Mexico', Archivos latinoamericanos de nutricion, 65: 76. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 106 Del Rosal, M., F. J. Fonseca Del Pozo, I. M. Blancas Sanchez, P. Aparicio Martinez, and R. A. Castro Jimenez. 2022. '[Design and development of a dietary intervention in children with prediabetes]', Semergen, 48: 101814. [ PubMed : 36122505 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 107 Delgado, E. G., T. G. De Cosso, A. C. Aragons, D. Pelletier, A. D. Quezada, and S. R. Ramrez. 2014. 'Effect of a food aid program on BMI/A of Mexican children, mediated by diet', FASEB journal, 28. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 108 Demirci, Nevzat, Pervin Toptas Demirci, and Erdal Demirci. 2017. 'The Effect of School-Based Exercise Practices of 9–11 Year Old Girls Students on Obesity and Health-Related Quality of Life', Universal Journal of Educational Research, 5:1323–31. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 109 Dendana, Emna, Rim Ghammem, Jihene Sahli, Jihen Maatoug, Sihem Ben Fredj, Imed Harrabi, Molka Chaieb, and Hassen Ghannem. 2019. 'Clustering of chronic diseases risk factors among adolescents: A quasi-experimental study in Sousse, Tunisia', International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 31: 1–8. [ PubMed : 28632496 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 110 Derwig, M., I. Tiberg, J. Bjork, A. Welander Tarneberg, and I. K. Hallstrom. 2021. 'A child-centered health dialogue for the prevention of obesity in child health services in Sweden - A randomized controlled trial including an economic evaluation', Obesity Science and Practice. [ PMC free article : PMC8804939 ] [ PubMed : 35127124 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 111 Derwig, M., I. Tiberg, J. Bjork, and I. Hallstrom. 2021. 'Child-Centred Health Dialogue for primary prevention of obesity in Child Health Services - a feasibility study', Scand J Public Health, 49: 384–92. [ PMC free article : PMC8135234 ] [ PubMed : 31854251 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 112 Derwig, M., I. Tiberg, J. Bjork, and I. Kristensson Hallstrom. 2022. 'Changes in perceived parental self-efficacy after a Child-Centred Health Dialogue about preventing obesity', Acta Paediatr, 111: 1956–65. [ PMC free article : PMC9543087 ] [ PubMed : 35702925 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 113 Deslippe, A. L., A. Bains, S. E. Loiselle, P. Kasvis, I. Mak, H. Weiler, and T. R. Cohen. 2023. 'SMART goals of children of 6–12 years enrolled in a family-centred lifestyle intervention for childhood obesity: Secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial', Pediatr Obes, 18: el2973. [ PubMed : 36066248 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 114 Destaw, Z., E. Wencheko, S. Kidane, M. Endale, Y. Challa, M. Tiruneh, M. Tamrat, H. Samson, D. Shaleka, and M. Ashenafi. 2022. 'Impact of school meals on educational outcomes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia', Public Health Nutr, 25: 2614–24. [ PMC free article : PMC9991771 ] [ PubMed : 35343425 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 115 Dominguez-Munoz, A., J. Carlos-Vivas, S. Barrios-Fernandez, J. C. Adsuar, J. Morenas-Martin, M. A. Garcia-Gordillo, and F. J. Dominguez-Munoz. 2021. 'Pedagogical proposal of tele-exercise based on "square stepping exercise" in preschoolers: Study protocol', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16) (no pagination). [ PMC free article : PMC8391725 ] [ PubMed : 34444395 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 116 Dong, Y., Z. Zou, H. Wang, B. Dong, P. Hu, Y. Ma, Y. Song, and J. Ma. 2021. 'National School-Based Health Lifestyles Intervention in Chinese Children and Adolescents on Obesity and Hypertension', Front, 9: 615283. [ PMC free article : PMC8192970 ] [ PubMed : 34123956 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 117 Dong, Yanhui, Zhiyong Zou, Haijun Wang, Bin Dong, Peijin Hu, Yinghua Ma, Yi Song, and Jun Ma. 2021. 'National School-Based Health Lifestyles Intervention in Chinese Children and Adolescents on Obesity and Hypertension', Frontiers in Pediatrics, 9. [ PMC free article : PMC8192970 ] [ PubMed : 34123956 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18; 118 Doring, N., A. Ghaderi, J. Eno Persson, P. Tynelius, F. Rasmussen, and B. Bohman. 2021. 'Effects of the PRIMROSE prevention trial of childhood obesity on parental self-efficacy', BMC Pediatr, 21: 388. [ PMC free article : PMC8422655 ] [ PubMed : 34493259 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 119 Döring, Nora. 2018. 'Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Early Childhood Obesity Prevention', Karolinska Institutet (Sweden). Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 120 Dragan, Cvejić. 2017. 'Effects of traditional and innovative physical education classes to improve their health-related physical fitness of young school children', DART-Europe E-theses Portal [ www ​.dart-europe.org ]. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 121 DRKS00026785. 2021. 'Children's Health Interventional. Trial III', https://trialsearch ​.who ​.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00026785 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 122 DRKS00027039. 2021. 'Contextual factors influencing children's dietary behaviour - A randomised intervention study in gastronomy', https://trialsearch ​.who ​.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00027039 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 123 Duck, A. A., K. C. Hall, M. Klamm, M. Temple, and J. C. Robinson. 2021. 'Physical activity and fitness: The feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of wearable activity tracker technology incorporating altruistic motivation in youth', Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 26(1) (no pagination). [ PubMed : 32970924 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 124 Duitama, S. M., J. Zurita, D. Cordoba, P. Duran, L. Ilag, and W. Mejia. 2018. 'Soy protein supplement intake for 12 months has no effect on sexual maturation and may improve nutritional status in pre-pubertal children', Journal of paediatrics and child health, (no pagination). [ PubMed : 29779250 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 125 Dumas, A. A., S. Lemieux, A. Lapointe, V. Provencher, J. Robitaille, and S. Desroches. 2020. 'Long-term effects of a healthy eating blog in mothers and children', Maternal & child nutrition, 16: el2981. [ PMC free article : PMC7296799 ] [ PubMed : 32141188 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 126 Dunker, K. L. L., M. D. S. Alvarenga, P. C. Teixeira, and R. B. Grigolon. 2021. 'Effects of participation level and physical activity on eating behavior and disordered eating symptoms in the Brazilian version of the New Moves intervention: data from a cluster randomized controlled trial', Sao Paulo Med J, 139: 269–78. [ PMC free article : PMC9625004 ] [ PubMed : 33978130 ] Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 127 Duong, Hao T. 2009. 'Body mass index trajectories and predictors among 3rd to 12th-graders using growth curve mixture modeling the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) study', Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 70: 1621. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 128 Eather, N., P. J. Morgan, and D. R. Lubans. 2013. 'Improving the fitness and physical activity levels of primary school children: results of the Fit-4-Fun group randomized controlled trial', Preventive medicine, 56: 12–19. [ PubMed : 23107669 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 129 Eather, N., P. J. Morgan, and D. R. Lubans. 2016. 'Improving health-related fitness in adolescents: the CrossFit Teens™ randomised controlled trial', Journal of sports sciences, 34: 209–23. [ PubMed : 25972203 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 130 Eather, N., P. Morgan, and D. Lubans. 2012. 'Improving health-related fitness in children: the Fit-4-Fun randomized controlled trial', Journal of science and medicine in sport, 15: S115-. [ PMC free article : PMC3245453 ] [ PubMed : 22142435 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 131 Efthymiou, V., E. Charmandari, D. Vlachakis, A. Tsitsika, A. Palasz, G. Chrousos, and F. Bacopoulou. 2021. 'Adolescent Self-Efficacy for Diet and Exercise Following a School-Based Multicomponent Lifestyle Intervention', Nutrients, 14. [ PMC free article : PMC8746524 ] [ PubMed : 35010972 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 132 Egan, K. A., M. E. Waring, and M. L. Wang. 2022. 'Pilot Intervention Targeting Sugary Drink Intake Associated With Improvements in Adolescent Sleep Duration', J Nutr Educ Behav, 54: 276–81. [ PubMed : 34920968 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 133 Elinder, L. S., C. A. Wiklund, A. Norman, N. S. Stattin, S. Andermo, E. Patterson, E. Hemmingsson, C. Cook, S. Raposo, and L. Kwak. 2021. 'IMplementation and evaluation of the school-based family support PRogram a Healthy School Start to promote child health and prevent OVErweight and obesity (IMPROVE) - study protocol for a cluster-randomized trial', BMC Public Health, 21: 1630. [ PMC free article : PMC8419825 ] [ PubMed : 34488691 ] Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 134 Elkhouri Edde, Christelle, Helene Delisle, Charles Dabone, and Malek Batal. 2020. 'Impact of the Nutrition-Friendly School Initiative: analysis of anthropometric and biochemical data among school-aged children in Ouagadougou', Global Health Promotion, 27: 26–34. [ PubMed : 30650015 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 135 Eno Persson, J., C. Leo Swenne, L. von Essen, B. Bohman, F. Rasmussen, and A. Ghaderi. 2022. 'Experiences of nurses and coordinators in a childhood obesity prevention trial based on motivational interviewing within Swedish child health services', Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being, 17: 2096123. [ PMC free article : PMC9291662 ] [ PubMed : 35838058 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 136 Enright, G., A. Gyani, K. Hyun, M. Allman-Farinelli, C. Innes-Hughes, L. Chen, and J. Redfern. 2022. 'What Motivates Engagement in a Community-Based Behavior Change Strategy for Overweight Children?', Health Promot Pract, 23: 174–84. [ PubMed : 32713213 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 137 Erfle, Stephen E., and Abigail Gamble. 2014. 'Effects of Daily Physical Education on Physical Fitness and Weight Status in Middle School Adolescents', Journal of School Health, 85: 27–35. [ PubMed : 25440450 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 138 Espinoza, J. C., and Amcac authors. 2021. 'Wearable Devices Decrease Attrition among Families Participating in an Obesity Intervention at a Federally Qualified Health Center', Journal of health care for the poor and underserved, 32. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 139 Esquivel, M. K., A. Higa, M. Hitchens, C. Shelton, and M. Okihiro. 2020. 'Keiki Produce Prescription (KPRx) Program Feasibility Study to Reduce Food Insecurity and Obesity Risk', Hawaii J Health Soc Welf, 79: 44–49. [ PMC free article : PMC7260871 ] [ PubMed : 32490385 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 140 Estabrooks, Paul A., Jo Ann Shoup, Michelle Gattshall, Padma Dandamudi, Susan Shetterly, and Stan Xu. 2009. 'Automated telephone counseling for parents of overweight children: A randomized controlled trial', American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36: 35–42. [ PubMed : 19095163 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 141 Evans, E. W., E. Jelalian, S. Dunsiger, D. Villalta, and A. Tyrka. 2022. 'Design of a clinical trial to isolate the experience of food insecurity and elucidate the biological mechanisms of risk for childhood health outcomes', Contemp Clin Trials, 117:106751. [ PMC free article : PMC9156564 ] [ PubMed : 35381377 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 142 Evans, W. Douglas, Katherine K. Christoffel, Jonathan Necheles, Adam B. Becker, and Jeremy Snider. 2011. 'Outcomes of the 5–4-3–2-1 Go Childhood Obesity Community Trial', American Journal of Health Behavior, 35: 189–98. [ PubMed : 21204681 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 143 Faric, N., L. Smith, A. Hon, H. W. W. Potts, K. Newby, A. Steptoe, and A. Fisher. 2021. 'A Virtual Reality Exergame to Engage Adolescents in Physical Activity: Mixed Methods Study Describing the Formative Intervention Development Process', J Med Internet Res, 23: e18161. [ PMC free article : PMC7892288 ] [ PubMed : 33538697 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 144 Fastring, Danielle, Kelsey Keel, Deborah Colby, John M. Conner, and Avery Hilbert. 2019. 'Head Start Centers Can Influence Healthy Behaviors: Evaluation of a Nutrition and Physical Activity Educational Intervention', Journal of School Health, 89: 698–704. [ PubMed : 31245850 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 145 Fedewa, Alicia L., Mark Abel, and Heather E. Erwin. 2017. 'The Effects of Using Stationary Bicycle Desks in Classrooms on Adolescents' Physical Activity', Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools & Early Intervention, 10: 78–89. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 146 Fedewa, Alicia L., Soyeon Ahn, Heather Erwin, and Matthew C. Davis. 2015. 'A randomized controlled design investigating the effects of classroom-based physical activity on children's fluid intelligence and achievement’, School Psychology International, 36: 135–53. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 147 Feng, Haili, and Weiguo Liu. 2022. ’PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN ADOLESCENTS AFTER HIGH-INTENSITY TRAINING’, Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 28: 796–99. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 148 Ferguson, G. M., J. M. Meeks Gardner, M. R. Nelson, C. Giray, H. Sundaram, B. H. Fiese, B. Koester, S. P. Tran, and R. Powell. 2021. ’Food-Focused Media Literacy for Remotely Acculturating Adolescents and Mothers: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the "JUS Media? Programme’", J Adolesc Health, 16: 16. [ PMC free article : PMC8628116 ] [ PubMed : 34281754 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 149 Ferguson, G. M., J. M. Meeks Gardner, M. R. Nelson, C. Giray, H. Sundaram, B. H. Fiese, B. Koester, S. P. Tran, and R. Powell. 2021. ’Food-Focused Media Literacy for Remotely Acculturating Adolescents and Mothers: A Randomized Controlled Trial of the "JUS Media? Programme’", J Adolesc Health, 69: 1013–23. [ PMC free article : PMC8628116 ] [ PubMed : 34281754 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 150 Fernald, L. C., P. J. Gertler, and L. M. Neufeld. 2009. ’10-year effect of Oportunidades, Mexico's conditional cash transfer programme, on child growth, cognition, language, and behaviour: a longitudinal follow-up study', Lancet, 374: 1997–2005. [ PubMed : 19892392 ] Ineligible population 5–11 151 Fleary, S. A. 2022. 'A Web-Based Intervention to Improve Health Literacy and Obesogenic Behaviors Among Adolescents: Protocol of a Randomized Pilot Feasibility Study for a Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial', JMIR Res Protoc, 11: e40191. [ PMC free article : PMC9428776 ] [ PubMed : 35972787 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 152 Flores-Pena, Y., M. He, E. T. Sosa, H. Avila-Alpirez, P. M. TrejoOrtiz, and G. Gutierrez-Sanchez. 2022. 'Impacts of an early childhood obesity prevention program in Mexico', Health Educ Res, 37: 242–53. [ PubMed : 35686999 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 153 Fortson, Jane G., and Lisa Sanbonmatsu. 2010. 'Child Health and Neighborhood Conditions: Results from a Randomized Housing Voucher Experiment', Journal of Human Resources, 45: 840–64. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 154 Foster, Gary D. 2019. 'Error in Statistical Code in Cluster Randomized Trial on the Effect of a Breakfast in the Classroom Initiative on Obesity in Urban, School-aged Children', JAMA Pediatrics, 173: 703–04. [ PubMed : 31135871 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11 155 Foster, Luann K. 2014. 'Examining the Physical and Mental Health Effects of an Obesity Prevention Program in High Risk Adolescent Females: A Pilot Study', George Fox University. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 156 Foweather, Lawrence. 2010. 'The Effects of Interventions on Fundamental Movement Skills, Physical Activity and Psychological Well-Being among Children', Liverpool John Moores University (United Kingdom). Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 157 Francis, L. A., and L. L. Birch. 2006. 'Does eating during television viewing affect preschool children's intake?', Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 106: 598–600. [ PMC free article : PMC2596580 ] [ PubMed : 16567158 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 158 Franco-Antonio, C., J. F. Calderon-Garcia, R. Vilar-Lopez, M. Portillo-Santamaria, J. F. Navas-Perez, and S. Cordovilla-Guardia. 2019. 'A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief motivational intervention to improve exclusive breastfeeding rates: study protocol', Journal of advanced nursing, 75: 888–97. [ PubMed : 30478855 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 159 French, S. A., Y. Fan, A. S. Kunin-Batson, J. M. Berge, N. Kohli, R. Z. Lamm, and N. E. Sherwood. 2021. 'Three-Year Changes in Low-Income Children's Physical Activity: prospective Influence of Neighborhood Environment and Parent Supportive Behavior', Journal of pediatrics: x, 6. [ PMC free article : PMC10236547 ] [ PubMed : 37333429 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 160 Garden, E. M., M. Pallan, J. Clarke, T. Griffin, K. Hurley, E. Lancashire, A. J. Sitch, S. Passmore, and P. Adab. 2020. 'Relationship between primary school healthy eating and physical activity promoting environments and children's dietary intake, physical activity and weight status: A longitudinal study in the West Midlands, UK', BMJ Open, 10(12) (no pagination). [ PMC free article : PMC7757477 ] [ PubMed : 33371029 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 161 Gardner, Jolynn, Jerri Kjolhaug, Jennifer A. Linde, Sarah Sevcik, and Leslie A. Lytle. 2013. 'Teaching Goal-Setting for Weight-Gain Prevention in a College Population: Insights from the CHOICES Study', Journal of Health Education Teaching, 4: 39–49. [ PMC free article : PMC4038901 ] [ PubMed : 24883338 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 162 Gätjens, I., M. Hasler, A. Bosy-Westphal, M. J. Müller, and S. Plachta-Danielzik. 2020. 'Family and lifestyle factors mediate the relationship between socio-economic status and fat mass in children and adolescents', Aktuelle Ernährungsmedizin, 45: 26. [ PMC free article : PMC7802469 ] [ PubMed : 33321513 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 163 Gätjens, I., M. Hasler, R. di Giuseppe, A. Bosy-Westphal, and S. Plachta-Danielzik. 2020. 'Family and Lifestyle Factors Mediate the Relationship between Socioeconomic Status and Fat Mass in Children and Adolescents', Obes Facts, 13: 596–607. [ PMC free article : PMC7802469 ] [ PubMed : 33321513 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 164 Gato-Moreno, M., M. F. Martos-Lirio, I. Leiva-Gea, M. R. Bernal-Lopez, F. Vegas-Toro, M. C. Fernandez-Tenreiro, and J. P. Lopez-Siguero. 2021. 'Early Nutritional Education in the Prevention of Childhood Obesity', Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18: 18. [ PMC free article : PMC8296335 ] [ PubMed : 34207231 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 165 Gatto, Nicole M., Lauren C. Martinez, Donna Spruijt-Metz, and Jaimie N. Davis. 2015. '"LA sprouts randomized controlled nutrition, cooking and gardening program reduces obesity and metabolic risk in Latino youth": Retraction', Obesity, 23: 2522. [ PMC free article : PMC4446151 ] [ PubMed : 25960146 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 166 Gelli, A., E. Aurino, G. Folson, D. Arhinful, C. Adamba, I. Osei-Akoto, E. Masset, K. Watkins, M. Fernandes, L. Drake, and et al 2019. 'A School Meals Program Implemented at Scale in Ghana Increases Height-for-Age during Midchildhood in Girls and in Children from Poor Households: a Cluster Randomized Trial', Journal of nutrition, 149: 1434–42. [ PMC free article : PMC6686055 ] [ PubMed : 31100125 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 167 Gene, Harun, and Ghazwan Karaem Ali. 2019. 'Examination of the Effect of Badminton Education on Physical and Selected Performance Characteristics', Journal of Education and Learning, 8: 47–55. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 168 Gittelsohn, Joel, Hee-Jung Song, Sonali Suratkar, Mohan B. Kumar, Elizabeth G. Henry, Sangita Sharma, Megan Mattingly, and Jean A. Anliker. 2010. 'An Urban Food Store Intervention Positively Affects Food-Related Psychosocial Variables and Food Behaviors', Health Education & Behavior, 37: 390–402. [ PubMed : 19887625 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 169 Going, S. B., S. Levin, J. Harrell, D. Stewart, L. Kushi, and C. E. Cornell. 1999. 'Physical activity assessment in American Indian schoolchildren in the Pathways study', American journal of clinical nutrition, 69: 788–95S. [ PubMed : 10195604 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 170 González Acero C, Martinez S, Pérez-Expósito A, Winters S. 2022. 'Correction: Effect of an innovative behavioural change strategy and small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements on stunting and obesity in children in Baja Verapaz, Guatemala: protocol for a randomised control trial', BMJ Open, 12: e035528corr1. [ PMC free article : PMC7371136 ] [ PubMed : 32690508 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 171 Goswami, N., D. Hansen, G. Gumze, B. Brix, K. Schmid-Zalaudek, and P. M. Fredriksen. 2022. 'Health and Academic Performance With Happy Children: A Controlled Longitudinal Study Based on the HOPP Project', Front Cardiovasc Med, 9: 820827. [ PMC free article : PMC9203822 ] [ PubMed : 35722126 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 172 Goswami, N., I. Trozic, M. V. Fredriksen, and P. M. Fredriksen. 2021. 'The effect of physical activity intervention and nutritional habits on anthropometric measures in elementary school children: the health oriented pedagogical project (HOPP)', Int J Obes (Lond), 45: 1677–86. [ PMC free article : PMC8310789 ] [ PubMed : 33972698 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 173 Gowland-Ella, J., N. Kajons, M. David, P. Lewis, K. Trinh, D. Louis, N. Kingon, and S. Batchelor. 2021. 'Thirsty? Choose Water! Encouraging Secondary School Students to choose water over sugary drinks. A descriptive analysis of intervention components', Health promotion journal of Australia: official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals., 14. [ PubMed : 33715238 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 174 Gowland-Ella, J., S. Batchelor, M. David, P. Lewis, and N. Kajons. 2023. 'The outcomes of Thirsty? Choose Water! Determining the effects of a behavioural and an environmental intervention on water and sugar sweetened beverage consumption in adolescents: A randomised controlled trial', Health Promot J Austr, 34:410–19. [ PubMed : 35637595 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 175 Graham, Dan J., and Christina A. Roberto. 2016. 'Evaluating the Impact of U.S. Food and Drug Administration-Proposed Nutrition Facts Label Changes on Young Adults' Visual Attention and Purchase Intentions', Health Education & Behavior, 43: 389–98. [ PubMed : 27230269 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 176 Griffin, Tania Lindsay. 2011. 'Sugar and energy balance in children: the effect of an educational intervention on knowledge and dietary intake', University of Aberdeen (United Kingdom). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 177 Gruber, R. Somerville, G. 2015. 'Preliminary results from a multicomponent obesity prevention school based program', Sleep., 38: A392–a93. Ineligible study design 5–11 178 Gupta, S., R. Agarwal, K. C. Aggarwal, H. Chellani, A. Duggal, S. Arya, S. Bhatia, M. J. Sankar, V. Sreenivas, V. Jain, and et al 2017. 'Complementary feeding at 4 versus 6 months of age for preterm infants born at less than 34 weeks of gestation: a randomised, open-label, multicentre trial', The lancet. Global health, 5: e501–e11. [ PMC free article : PMC5388893 ] [ PubMed : 28395845 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 179 Ha, A. S., C. Lonsdale, D. R. Lubans, F. F. Ng, and J. Y. Y. Ng. 2021. 'Improving children's fundamental movement skills through a family-based physical activity program: results from the "Active 1 + FUN" randomized controlled trial', Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 18: 99. [ PMC free article : PMC8285675 ] [ PubMed : 34273973 ] Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 180 Hadi, A. J., J. Usman, S. Ishak, Y. R. Erni, S. Manggabarani, M. Anwar, and A. S. Hasibuan. 2021. 'Effect of dissemination of resources and information method for overnutrition prevention behavior on primary school children in Makassar', Medico-Legal Update, 21(2): 189–95. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 181 Hails, K. A., M. D. M. Whipps, R. S. Gross, D. L. Bogen, P. A. Morris, A. L. Mendelsohn, and D. S. Shaw. 2021. 'Breastfeeding and Responsive Parenting as Predictors of Infant Weight Change in the First Year', J Pediatr Psychol, 46: 768–78. [ PMC free article : PMC8502476 ] [ PubMed : 34270767 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 182 Haines, Jess, Angela M. Mayorga, Julia McDonald, Ashley O'Brien, Deborah Gross, Elsie M. Taveras, Alexandra Epee-Bounya, Matthew W. Gillman, Angela M. Mayorga Julia McDonald Ashley O'Brien Deborah Gross Elsie M. Taveras Alexandra Epee-Bounya Jess Haines, and W. Gillman Matthew. 2012. "Embedding weight-related messages within a general parenting programme: development and feasibility evaluation of Parents and Tots Together." In, 951–65. United Kingdom. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 183 Hall, M. G., A. J. Lazard, A. H. Grummon, I. C. A. Higgins, M. Bercholz, A. P. C. Richter, and L. S. Taillie. 2021. 'Designing warnings for sugary drinks: A randomized experiment with Latino parents and non-Latino parents', Prev Med, 148:106562. [ PMC free article : PMC8958622 ] [ PubMed : 33878350 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 184 Hart, C. N., N. L. Hawley, D. L. Coffman, H. A. Raynor, M. A. Carskadon, E. Jelalian, J. A. Owens, A. Spaeth, and R. R. Wing. 2022. 'Randomized controlled trial to enhance children's sleep, eating, and weighť, Pediatr Res, 92: 1075–81. [ PMC free article : PMC9413537 ] [ PubMed : 34930967 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 185 Hashemian, M., M. Abdolkarimi, and M. Nasirzadeh. 2022. 'Family and school-based educational intervention on fruits and vegetable consumption of female students: Application of social cognitive theory', J Educ Health Promot, 11: 55. [ PMC free article : PMC8974979 ] [ PubMed : 35372612 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 186 Hawkins, Melissa, Erin Watts, Sarah Irvine Belson, and Anastasia Snelling. 2020. 'Design and implementation of a 5-year school-based nutrition education intervention', Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 52: 421–28. [ PubMed : 31948742 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 187 Hayes, J. F., D. F. Tate, M. A. Espeland, J. G. LaRose, A. A. Gorin, C. E. Lewis, E. Jelalian, J. Bahnson, R. R. Wing, and Group Study of Novel Approaches to Weight Gain Prevention Research. 2021. 'Patterns of weight change in a weight gain prevention study for young adults', Obesity (Silver Spring), 29: 1848–56. [ PMC free article : PMC8570998 ] [ PubMed : 34549535 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 188 He, Qing. 2020. 'Investigating Physical Activity Levels and Fundamental Movement Skills among Hong Kong Preschool-Aged Children: A Parent-Led Physical Activity Programme', Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Hong Kong). Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 189 Heath, E. M. Coleman, K. J. 2002. 'Evaluation of the institutionalization of the Coordinated Approach to Child Health (CATCH) in a US/Mexico border community', Health Education and Behavior, 29: 444–600. [ PubMed : 12137238 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 190 Heath, E. M. Coleman, K. J. 2003. 'Adoption and institutionalization of the Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH) in El Paso, Texas', Health Promotion Practice, 4: 159–64. [ PubMed : 14610985 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 191 Heelan, K. A., B. M. Abbey, R. T. Bartee, P. A. Estabrooks, A. Malmkar, T. Jacobs, and J. L. Hill. 2021. 'Packaging of a Pediatric Weight Management Intervention and Implementation Blueprint for Rural and Micropolitan Communities: The Nebraska CORD 3.0 Project', Child Obes, 17: S62–S69. [ PubMed : 34569846 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 192 Henaghan, Jayne. 2008. 'Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Children: 'Pre-Clinical' Markers and the Impact of Body Composition, Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness', Liverpool John Moores University (United Kingdom). Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 193 Henretty, Joan M. 2011. 'Physical activity and adolescent girls: the development and evaluation of an active-gaming intervention utilising social cognitive theory and action research', Heriot-Watt University (United Kingdom). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 194 Herbert, Patrick C., David K. Lohrmann, Dong-Chul Seo, Anne D. Stright, and Lloyd J. Kolbe. 2013. 'Effectiveness of the Energize Elementary School Program to Improve Diet and Exercise', Journal of School Health, 83: 780–86. [ PubMed : 24138348 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 195 Herscovici, C. R. Kovalskys, I. De Gregorio, M. J. 2013. 'Gender differences and a school-based obesity prevention program in Argentina: a randomized trial', Rev Panam Salud Publica, 34: 75–82. [ PubMed : 24096971 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 196 Hesketh, K. D., K. Kuswara, G. Abbott, J. Salmon, J. A. Hnatiuk, and K. J. Campbell. 2021. 'How to Change Young Children's Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Mechanisms of Behavior Change in the INFANT Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial', Children (Basel), 8: 02. [ PMC free article : PMC8229819 ] [ PubMed : 34199542 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 197 Hill, E. B., L. Chen, M. T. Bailey, A. Singh Khalsa, R. Maltz, K. Kelleher, C. K. Spees, J. Zhu, and B. R. Loman. 2022. 'Facilitating a high-quality dietary pattern induces shared microbial responses linking diet quality, blood pressure, and microbial sterol metabolism in caregiver-child dyads', Gut Microbes, 14: 2150502. [ PMC free article : PMC9721422 ] [ PubMed : 36457073 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 198 Ho, F., L. Louie, W. Wong, K. L. Chan, A. Tiwari, C. B. Chow, W. Ho, M. Chan, E. Chen, and et al 2018. 'A sports mentorship program improves adolescent mental health and physical fitness: a randomised controlled trial', Hong kong journal of paediatrics, 23: 88–89. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 199 Ho, Frederick Ka Wing, Lobo Hung Tak Louie, Wilfred Hing-sang Wong, Ko Ling Chan, Agnes Tiwari, Chun Bong Chow, Walter Ho, William Wong, Meanne Chan, Eric Yu Hai Chen, Yiu Fai Cheung, and Patrick Ip. 2017. 'A sports-based youth development program, teen mental health, and physical fitness: An RCT', Pediatrics, 140: 1–10. [ PubMed : 28951440 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 200 Hodges, Kulinna P., D. J. Cothram, T. Brusseau, and C. Tudor-Locke. 2008. "Increasing physical activity behaviors through a comprehensive school change effort [conference abstract]." In. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 201 Hodges, Michael Gary, Pamela Hodges-Kulinna, and Tiffany Ann Kloeppel. 2015. 'Fitness for life primary: stakeholders' perceptions', Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 20: 299–313. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 202 Hooft van Huysduynen, Eveline J. C. 2014. 'Towards Healthy Diets for parents: efectiveness of a counselling intervention', DART-Europe E-theses Portal [ www ​.dart-europe.org ]. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 203 Hopkins, Laura C. 2017. 'Examining the Potential Protective Effect of Structured Programming on Child Weight During the Summer Months Through Intervention and Observational Research: Camp NERF (Nutrition, Education, Recreation, and Fitness) and Project SWEAT (Summer Weight and En', The Ohio State University. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 204 Hopkins, Laura C. 2019. 'Examining the potential protective effect of structured programming on child weight during the summer months through intervention and observational research: Camp NERF (nutrition, education, recreation, and fitness) and project SWEAT (summer weight and en', Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 80: No-Specified. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 205 Hrubeniuk, T. J., J. L. Hay, A. C. MacIntosh, B. Wicklow, K. Wittmeier, J. M. McGavock, and M. Senechal. 2021. 'Interindividual variation in cardiometabolic health outcomes following 6 months of endurance training in youth at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus', Appl Physiol Nutr Metab, 46: 727–34. [ PubMed : 33544653 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 206 Hughes, S. O., T. G. Power, A. Beck, D. Betz, S. Calodich, L. S. Goodell, L. G. Hill, R. Hill, J. A. Jaramillo, S. L. Johnson, and et al 2016. 'Strategies for Effective Eating Development—SEEDS: design of an Obesity Prevention Program to Promote Healthy Food Preferences and Eating Self-Regulation in Children From Low-Income Families', Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 48: 405–05. [ PubMed : 27288192 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 207 Hughes, S. O., T. G. Power, A. D. Beck, D. Betz, L. S. Goodell, V. Hopwood, J. A. Jaramillo, J. Lanigan, A. D. Martinez, N. Micheli, Y. O. Guerrero, I. Overath, L. Parker, G. Ramos, Y. P. Thompson, M. A. Papaioannou, and S. L. Johnson. 2021. 'Twelve-Month Efficacy of an Obesity Prevention Program Targeting Hispanic Families With Preschoolers From Low-Income Backgrounds', J Nutr Educ Behav, 53: 677–90. [ PubMed : 34148764 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 208 Hughes, S. O., T. G. Power, S. S. Baker, K. V. Barale, M. C. Aragon, J. D. Lanigan, L. Parker, K. Silva Garcia, G. Auld, C. A. Johnston, and N. Micheli. 2023. 'Short-Term Efficacy of a Childhood Obesity Prevention Program Designed to Pair Feeding Content With Nutrition Education', Child Obes, 19: 239–48. [ PubMed : 35708621 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 209 Huybrechts, I., C. Beirlaen, T. De Vriendt, N. Slimani, P. T. Pisa, E. Schouppe, A. De Coene, D. De Bacquer, S. De Henauw, and J. H. Himes. 2014. 'Validity of instruction leaflets for parents to measure their child's weight and height at home: results obtained from a randomised controlled trial', BMJ Open, 4: e003768. [ PMC free article : PMC3918984 ] [ PubMed : 24508849 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 210 Hwang, I., and K. S. Bang. 2021. '[Effects of Program to Promote Obesity Prevention Behaviors on Pre-Schoolers: Focused on Kindergartener in Korea]', J Korean Acad Nurs, 51: 188–202. [ PubMed : 33993125 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 211 Ignico, Arlene, Arleen Corson, and Carla Vidoni. 2006. 'The Effects of an Intervention Strategy on Children's Heart Rates and Skill Performance', Early Child Development and Care, 176: 753–61. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 212 IRCT2014053117916N1. 2014. 'Impact of a multi-component school-based nutrition education program using PRECEDE-PROCEED model on improving nutritional status of primary school students', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=IRCT2014053117916N1 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 213 Irwin, Carol C., Richard L. Irwin, Maureen E. Miller, Grant W. Somes, and Phyllis A. Richey. 2010. 'Get Fit with the Grizzlies: A Community-School-Home Initiative to Fight Childhood Obesity', Journal of School Health, 80: 333–39. [ PubMed : 20591098 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 214 ISRCTN10920322. 2017. 'Edible insects (cricket Acheta domesticus) in school meals for improved nutrition in pre-school children in Kenya', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ISRCTN10920322 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 215 ISRCTN11696165. 2018. 'Effects of spirulina supplement on children's growth and health', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ISRCTN11696165 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 216 ISRCTN11833436. 2007. 'Impact evaluation of Oportunidades', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ISRCTN11833436 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 217 ISRCTN24161700. 2006. 'Effectiveness of a Community-based Responsive Feeding program', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ISRCTN24161700 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 218 ISRCTN29534081. 2018. 'Effects of a school-based intervention programme on growth, health and well-being of schoolchildren in three African countires: the KaziAfya project', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ISRCTN29534081 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 219 ISRCTN33260236. 2017. 'Cereal nutrition for child health trial', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ISRCTN33260236 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 220 ISRCTN52511065. 2016. 'Randomised controlled trial of a brief GP intervention to reduce overweight in Victorian primary school children - live, eat and play (LEAP 2)', www ​.isrctn.com/ISRCTN52511065 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 221 ISRCTN57111126. 2016. 'A randomised controlled trial of an interactive family-based lifestyle programme', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ISRCTN57111126 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 222 ISRCTN68114155. 2021. 'Cooking in Yorkshire', https://trialsearch ​.who ​.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID ​=ISRCTN68114155 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 223 ISRCTN93233285. 2013. 'Fish Feeding Study (FFS): the impact of fish and fish oil capsule intake on omega-3 fatty acid status, health and cognitive function of Omani school children of 9–10 years old living in Muscat', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ISRCTN93233285 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 224 ISRCTN98898991. 2019. 'Healthy future: a community health worker program to improve maternal, newborn and child health in rural china', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=ISRCTN98898991 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 225 Iversen, P. O., M. Ngari, A. C. Westerberg, G. Muhoozi, and P. Atukunda. 2021. 'Child stunting concurrent with wasting or being overweight: A 6-y follow up of a randomized maternal education trial in Uganda', Nutrition, 89 (no pagination). [ PMC free article : PMC7613431 ] [ PubMed : 34090214 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 226 Jacobs, J., C. Strugnell, S. Allender, L. Orellana, K. Backholer, K. A. Bolton, P. Fraser, H. Le, A. D. Brown, and M. Nichols. 2021. 'The impact of a community-based intervention on weight, weight-related behaviours and health-related quality of life in primary school children in Victoria, Australia, according to socio-economic position', BMC Public Health, 21: 2179. [ PMC free article : PMC8627608 ] [ PubMed : 34837974 ] Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 227 James, Michaela. 2021. 'Active Children Through Individual Vouchers - Evaluation (ACTIVE): a mixed method randomised control trial to improve the cardiovascular fitness and health of teenagers', British Library - Electronic Theses Online Service (EThOS). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 228 Johnson, S. L., A. L. B. Shapiro, K. J. Moding, A. Flesher, K. Davis, and J. O. Fisher. 2021. 'Infant and Toddler Consumption of Sweetened and Unsweetened Lipid Nutrient Supplements After 2-Week Home Repeated Exposures', Journal of nutrition. [ PMC free article : PMC8417920 ] [ PubMed : 34036363 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 229 Jones, Megan, Kristine H. Luce, Megan I. Osborne, Katherine Taylor, Darby Cunning, Angela Celio Doyle, Denise E. Wilfley, and C. Barr Taylor. 2008. 'Randomized, controlled trial of an Internet-facilitated intervention for reducing binge eating and overweight in adolescents', Pediatrics, 121: 453–62. [ PubMed : 18310192 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 230 Jones, Megan. 2010. 'Reducing binge eating and overweight in adolescents via the Internet', Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 71: 2050. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 231 Jones, Paul Remy. 2020. 'The associations of physical activity, sedentary time, and aerobic fitness with lipoprotein particle profile in children', DART-Europe E-theses Portal [ www ​.dart-europe.org ]. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 232 Jouret, B., N. Ahluwalia, M. Dupuy, C. Cristini, L. Negre-Pages, H. Grandjean, and M. Tauber. 2009. 'Prevention of overweight in preschool children: Results of kindergarten-based interventions', International Journal of Obesity, 33: 1075–83. [ PubMed : 19736554 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 233 JPRN-UMIN000046775. 2022. 'Development of a "Next Generation Medical Support System for Children" using ICT and medical, health, and lifestyle information'. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 234 Julia, C., A. Omorou, E. Lecomte, J. Langlois, M. Touvier, S. Hercberg, S. Briancon, E. Kesse-Guyot, F. Guillemin, and Pralimap-lnes Trial Group. 2023. 'Behavioural risk patterns in adolescents with excess weight participating in the PRALIMAPINES trial', Public Health Nutr, 26: 96–105. [ PMC free article : PMC11077442 ] [ PubMed : 35272723 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 235 Kadiyala, S., H. Harris-Fry, R. Pradhan, S. Mohanty, S. Padhan, S. Rath, P. James, E. Fivian, P. Koniz-Booher, N. Nair, and et al 2021. 'Effect of nutrition-sensitive agriculture interventions with participatory videos and women's group meetings on maternal and child nutritional outcomes in rural Odisha, India (UPAVAN trial): a four-arm, observer-blind, cluster-randomised controlled trial', The lancet planetary health, 5: e263–e76. [ PMC free article : PMC8099729 ] [ PubMed : 33811818 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 236 Kahraman, Ayşe, Merve Gümüş, Şeyda Binay Yaz, and Zümrüt Başbakkal. 2020. 'Baby-led weaning versus traditional weaning: the assessment of nutritional status in early childhood and maternal feeding practices in Turkey', Early Child Development & Care, 190: 615–24. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 237 Kain, J., R. Uauy, Albala, F. Vio, R. Cerda, and B. Leyton. 2004. 'School-based obesity prevention in Chilean primary school children: Methodology and evaluation of a controlled study', International Journal of Obesity, 28: 483–93. [ PubMed : 14993915 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 238 Kang, A. W., K. M. Gans, T. von Ash, D. Castagneri, L. Dionne, A. Tovar, and P. M. Risica. 2021. 'Physical Activity Levels among Preschool-Aged Children in Family Child Care Homes: A Comparison between Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Children Using Accelerometry', Children (Basel), 8: 28. [ PMC free article : PMC8145521 ] [ PubMed : 33924912 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 239 Karssen, L. T., J. M. Vink, C. de Weerth, R. C. J. Hermans, C. P. M. de Kort, S. P. Kremers, E. L. M. Ruiter, and J. K. Larsen. 2021. 'An App-Based Parenting Program to Promote Healthy Energy Balance-Related Parenting Practices to Prevent Childhood Obesity: Protocol Using the Intervention Mapping Framework', JMIR Form Res, 5: e24802. [ PMC free article : PMC8164123 ] [ PubMed : 33988510 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 240 Kavanagh, Katherine F., Roberta J. Cohen, M. Jane Heinig, and Kathryn G. Dewey. 2008. 'Educational Intervention to Modify Bottle-Feeding Behaviors among Formula-Feeding Mothers in the WIC Program: Impact on Infant Formula Intake and Weight Gain', Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 40: 244–50. [ PubMed : 18565465 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 241 KCT0006351. 2016. ' Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 242 Kearney, J., R. Fitzgerald, G. Burnside, S. Higham, N. Flannigan, J. C. G. Halford, and E. J. Boyland. 2021. 'Television advertisements for high-sugar foods and beverages: effect on children's snack food intake', Br J Nutr, 125: 591–97. [ PubMed : 32746948 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 243 Killedar, A., T. Lung, R. W. Taylor, B. J. Taylor, and A. Hayes. 2023. 'Is the cost-effectiveness of an early-childhood sleep intervention to prevent obesity affected by socioeconomic position?', Obesity (Silver Spring), 31: 192–202. [ PMC free article : PMC10947595 ] [ PubMed : 36471911 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 244 Kipp, C., D. K. Wilson, A. M. Sweeney, N. Zarrett, and M. L. Van Horn. 2021. 'Effects of Parenting and Perceived Stress on BMI in African American Adolescents', J Pediatr Psychol, 46: 980–90. [ PMC free article : PMC8502475 ] [ PubMed : 33738484 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 245 Kocken, Paul L., Jennifer Eeuwijk, Nicole M. C. van Kesteren, Elise Dusseldorp, Goof Buijs, Zeina Bassa-Dafesh, and Jeltje Snel. 2012. 'Promoting the Purchase of Low-Calorie Foods from School Vending Machines: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Study', Journal of School Health, 82: 115–22. [ PubMed : 22320335 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 246 Korn, A. R., J. Butel, J. Davis, A. B. Yamanaka, P. Coleman, L. R. Wilkens, C. D. Economos, and R. Novotny. 2021. 'Role of social ecological model level on young Pacific children's sugar-sweetened beverage and water intakes: Children's Healthy Living intervention', Public Health Nutr, 24: 2318–23. [ PMC free article : PMC10195608 ] [ PubMed : 33234187 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 247 Korn, A. R., R. A. Hammond, E. Hennessy, A. Must, M. C. Pachucki, and C. D. Economos. 2021. 'Evolution of a Coalition Network during a Whole-of-Community Intervention to Prevent Early Childhood Obesity', Child Obes, 17: 379–90. [ PMC free article : PMC8390774 ] [ PubMed : 33761266 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 248 Kramer, Eydie Noelle. 2020. '"S.P.L.A.S.H. into fitness!" an identity-focused behavioral swim camp and family-oriented ehealth intervention for girls', Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 81: No-Specified Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 249 Kramer, M. S., T. Guo, R. W. Platt, Z. Sevkovskaya, I. Dzikovich, J. P. Collet, S. Shapiro, B. Chalmers, E. Hodnett, I. Vanilovich, and et al 2003. 'Infant growth and health outcomes associated with 3 compared with 6 mo of exclusive breastfeeding', American journal of clinical nutrition, 78: 291–95. [ PubMed : 12885711 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 250 Kubik, M. Y., J. Lee, J. A. Fulkerson, O. V. Gurvich, and J. R. Sirard. 2021. 'School-Based Secondary Obesity Prevention for Eight- to Twelve-Year-Olds: Results from the Students, Nurses, and Parents Seeking Healthy Options Together Randomized Trial', Child Obes, 17: 185–95. [ PMC free article : PMC8418450 ] [ PubMed : 33601934 ] Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 251 Kulwa, K. B., R. Verstraeten, K. P. Bouckaert, P. S. Mamiro, P. W. Kolsteren, and C. Lachat. 2014. 'Effectiveness of a nutrition education package in improving feeding practices, dietary adequacy and growth of infants and young children in rural Tanzania: rationale, design and methods of a cluster randomised trial', BMC Public Health, 14: 1077. [ PMC free article : PMC4216379 ] [ PubMed : 25318980 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 252 Kummer, A. G., M. L. Davis-Ajami, B. Arce, K. Hartlieb, S. Dickinson, L. Golzarri-Arroyo, C. O. Olcott, M. Faith, and W. P. Jayawardene. 2021. "eatNplay' - a rurally-tailored, family-based, telehealth intervention for childhood obesity: Protocol for a mixed-methods randomized newsletter controlled pilot study', Contemp Clin Trials, 109: 106542. [ PubMed : 34403780 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 253 Lakshman, Rajalakshmi. 2011. 'Development of complex interventions to prevent childhood obesity', University of Cambridge (United Kingdom). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 254 Lane, C., N. Nathan, P. Reeves, R. Sutherland, L. Wolfenden, A. Shoesmith, and A. Hall. 2022. 'Economic evaluation of a multi-strategy intervention that improves school-based physical activity policy implementation', Implement Sci, 17: 40. [ PMC free article : PMC9238093 ] [ PubMed : 35765018 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 255 Larsen, B., E. Greenstadt, B. Olesen, L. Osuna, J. Godino, B. Marcus, S. Dunsiger, D. Meyer, and M. Zive. 2022. 'A multiple technology-based physical activity intervention for Latina adolescents in the USA: randomized controlled trial study protocol for Chicas Fuertes', Trials, 23:176. [ PMC free article : PMC8864594 ] [ PubMed : 35197106 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 256 Laurent, Devin J. 2021. 'Examining the mediating effects of self-regulation skills for exercise and exercise self-efficacy on the relationship between BMI and physical activity among adolescents residing in Appalachia', Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 82: No-Specified. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 257 Lazorick, Suzanne, Xiangming Fang, George T. Hardison, and Yancey Crawford. 2015. 'Improved Body Mass Index Measures Following a Middle School-Based Obesity Intervention--The MATCH Program', Journal of School Health, 85: 680–87. [ PubMed : 26331750 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 258 Lee, A. M., T. Huo, D. Miller, M. J. Gurka, L. A. Thompson, F. P. Modave, Y. R. Hong, G. Pavela, and M. I. Cardel. 2022. 'The effects of experimentally manipulated social status and subjective social status on physical activity among Hispanic adolescents: An RCT', Pediatr Obes, 17: e12877. [ PMC free article : PMC9010353 ] [ PubMed : 34859604 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 259 Lee, C. K., Y. K. Sim, J. H. Lee, J. S. Yook, S. M. Ha, E. C. Seo, W. Y. So, H. R. Kim, W. M. Jeong, B. O. Goo, J. W. Chung, and M. S. Ha. 2022. 'The Relationship between Body Composition and Physical Fitness and the Effect of Exercise According to the Level of Childhood Obesity Using the MGPA Model', Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19. [ PMC free article : PMC8744593 ] [ PubMed : 35010747 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 260 Lee, J. A. C., W. L. Cheah, G. N. J. Anchang, Y. Noor Hafizah, M. Abim, A. T. Ruzita, D. Koh, S. Reeves, C. Summerbell, C. A. Essau, B. K. Poh, and E. L. Gibson. 2023. 'Teachers' and Parents' Perspectives on the Feasibility of a Preschool-Based Behavioral Intervention to Prevent Obesity: An Embedded Qualitative Study within ToyBox Study Malaysia’, Early Childhood Education Journal, 51: 149–64. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 261 Lee, J., S. Friend, M. L. Horning, J. A. Linde, C. Flattum, R. Lindberg, and J. A. Fulkerson. 2022. 'Are patterns of family evening meal practices associated with child and parent diet quality and weight-related outcomes?', Appetite, 171: 105937. [ PMC free article : PMC8892840 ] [ PubMed : 35045323 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 262 Lee, R. E., J. Szeszulski, E. Lorenzo, A. Arriola, M. Bruening, P. A. Estabrooks, J. L. Hill, T. M. O'Connor, G. Q. Shaibi, E. G. Soltero, and M. Todd. 2022. 'Sustainability via Active Garden Education: The Sustainability Action Plan Model and Process', Int J Environ Res Public Health, 19. [ PMC free article : PMC9102810 ] [ PubMed : 35564909 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 263 Li, Jacinda C., Janet A. Welsh, Jennifer M. DiNallo, and Robert L. Nix. 2020. 'Parent-Focused Childhood Obesity Intervention Improves Family Functioning and Children's Well-Being', Journal of Extension, 58. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 264 Li, Minghui. 2020. 'Exploring and Promoting Physical Literacy and Physical Activity of Primary School Students', Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Hong Kong). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 265 Liang Y, Lau PWC, Jiang Y, Maddison R. 2020. 'Getting active with active video games: a quasi-experimental study', International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17: 1–15. [ PMC free article : PMC7663622 ] [ PubMed : 33143064 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 266 Lindberg, Renny, Jungryul Seo, and Teemu H. Laine. 2016. 'Enhancing Physical Education with Exergames and Wearable Technology', IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 9: 328–41. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 267 Lindgren, Eva-Carin, Amir Baigi, Erwin Apitzsch, and Hakan Bergh. 2011. 'Impact of a Six-Month Empowerment-Based Exercise Intervention Programme in Non-Physically Active Adolescent Swedish Girls', Health Education Journal, 70: 9–20. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 268 listed, No authors. 2007. 'Family-based intervention produces solid outcomes in tackling childhood obesity', Disease management advisor, 13: 89–92, 85. [ PubMed : 17802673 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 269 Livingston, A. S., F. Cudhea, L. Wang, E. M. Steele, M. Du, Y. C. Wang, J. Pomeranz, D. Mozaffarian, F. F. Zhang, and Price project Food. 2021. 'Effect of reducing ultraprocessed food consumption on obesity among US children and adolescents aged 7–18 years: evidence from a simulation model', BMJ Nutr Prev Health, 4: 397–404. [ PMC free article : PMC8718854 ] [ PubMed : 35028511 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 270 Lo, Sze Wan. 2019. 'The Effectiveness of a Parent-Based Education Program in Promoting Healthy Lifestyles and Controlling Body Weight for Primary School Students', The Education University of Hong Kong (Hong Kong). Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 271 Lo, Sze Wan. 2021. 'The effectiveness of a parent-based education program in promoting healthy lifestyles and controlling body weight for primary school students', Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 82: No-Specified. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 272 Lohse, Barbara, and Leslie Cunningham-Sabo. 2021. 'Quantifying parent engagement in the randomized Fuel for Fun impact study identified design considerations and BMI relationships', BMC Medical Research Methodology, 21: 205. [ PMC free article : PMC8502317 ] [ PubMed : 34627162 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 273 Long, K. Z., J. Beckmann, C. Lang, H. Seelig, S. Nqweniso, N. Probst-Hensch, I. Muller, U. Puhse, P. Steinmann, R. du Randt, C. Walter, J. Utzinger, and M. Gerber. 2022. 'Impact of a school-based health intervention program on body composition among South African primary schoolchildren: results from the KaziAfya cluster-randomized controlled trial', BMC Med, 20: 27. [ PMC free article : PMC8793158 ] [ PubMed : 35081959 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 274 Lopez, Vanessa. 2020. 'A Procedural Analysis of Taste Exposure with Young Children', California State University, Fresno. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 275 Lubans, D. R. Morgan, P. J. Aguiar, E. J. Callister, R. 2011. 'Randomized controlled trial of the Physical Activity Leaders (PALs) program for adolescent boys from disadvantaged secondary schools', Preventive medicine, 52: 239–46. [ PubMed : 21276812 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 276 Lubans, D. R. Morgan, P. J. Callister, R. 2012. 'Potential moderators and mediators of intervention effects in an obesity prevention program for adolescent boys from disadvantaged schools', Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport, 15: 519–25. [ PubMed : 22575499 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 277 Lubans, D. R., P. J. Morgan, K. Weaver, R. Callister, D. L. Dewar, S. A. Costigan, T. L. Finn, J. Smith, L. Upton, and R. C. Plotnikoff. 2012. 'Rationale and study protocol for the supporting children's outcomes using rewards, exercise and skills (SCORES) group randomized controlled trial: a physical activity and fundamental movement skills intervention for primary schools in low-income communities', BMC Public Health, 12: 427. [ PMC free article : PMC3490777 ] [ PubMed : 22691451 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 278 Lubans, David Revalds. 2005. 'Promoting physical activity in the secondary school setting: evaluation of the lifetime activity programme', University of Oxford (United Kingdom). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 279 Luszczynska, A., M. S. Hagger, A. Banik, K. Horodyska, N. Knoll, and U. Scholz. 2016. 'Self-Efficacy, Planning, or a Combination of Both? A Longitudinal Experimental Study Comparing Effects of Three Interventions on Adolescents' Body Fat', PLoS ONE, 11: e0159125. [ PMC free article : PMC4943603 ] [ PubMed : 27410961 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 12–18 280 Lytle, Leslie A., David M. Murray, Cheryl L. Perry, Mary Story, Amanda S. Birnbaum, Martha Y. Kubik, and Sherri Varnell. 2004. 'School-Based Approaches to Affect Adolescents' Diets: Results from the TEENS Study', Health Education & Behavior, 31: 270–87. [ PubMed : 15090126 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 281 Madsen, K. A. Linchey, J. Ritchie, L. Thompson, H. R. 2017. 'The Fit Study: Design and rationale for a cluster randomized trial of school-based BMI screening and reporting', Contemporary clinical trials, 58: 40–46. [ PMC free article : PMC6010055 ] [ PubMed : 28479218 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 282 Madsen, K. Linchey, J. Gerstein, D. Ross, M. Myers, E. Brown, K. Crawford, P. 2015. 'Energy Balance 4 Kids with Play: Results from a Two-Year Cluster-Randomized T{Morgan, 2014 #45}rial', Childhood Obesity, 11: 375–83. [ PubMed : 26061799 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11 283 Madsen, Kristine A., Hannah R. Thompson, Jennifer Linchey, Lorrene D. Ritchie, Shalika Gupta, Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, Patricia B. Crawford, Charles E. McCulloch, and Ana Ibarra-Castro. 2021. 'Effect of School-Based Body Mass Index Reporting in California Public Schools: A Randomized Clinical Trial', JAMA Pediatrics, 175: 251–59. [ PMC free article : PMC7670394 ] [ PubMed : 33196797 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11 284 Mahmudiono, Trias, Rahayu Indriasari, Dina Rahayuning Pangesututi, Qonita Rachmah, Septa Indra Puspikawati, Fatqiatul Wulandari, and Susi Hidayah. 2021. 'Online-Based Nutrition Education to Reduce Sugar, Salt, and Fat Intake in School Children: A Research Protocol', Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9: 873–78. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 285 Majid, H. A., A. K. Ng, M. Dahlui, S. Mohammadi, Mnab Mohamed, T. T. Su, and M. Y. Jalaludin. 2022. 'Outcome Evaluation on Impact of the Nutrition Intervention among Adolescents: A Feasibility, Randomised Control Study from Myheart Beat (Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team-Behavioural Epidemiology and Trial)', Nutrients, 14. [ PMC free article : PMC9268738 ] [ PubMed : 35807911 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 286 Manios Y, Lambert KA, Karaglani E, Mavrogianni C, Moreno Aznar LA, Iotova V, Świąder-Leśniak A, Koletzko B, Cardon G, Androutsos O, Moschonis G, Toy Box Study Group. 2021. 'Prospective BMI changes in preschool children are not effected by changes in EBRBs but by parental characteristics and body weight perceptions: the ToyBox-study', Public health nutrition: 1–25. [ PMC free article : PMC9991669 ] [ PubMed : 33843562 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 287 Manios, Y., K. A. Lambert, E. Karaglani, C. Mavrogianni, L. A. Moreno Aznar, V. Iotova, A. Swiader-Lesniak, B. Koletzko, G. Cardon, O. Androutsos, G. Moschonis, and Group Toy Box Study. 2021. 'Prospective BMI changes in preschool children are associated with parental characteristics and body weight perceptions: the ToyBox-study', Public Health Nutr: 1–11. [ PMC free article : PMC9991669 ] [ PubMed : 33843562 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 288 Manios, Y., K. A. Lambert, E. Karaglani, C. Mavrogianni, L. A. Moreno Aznar, V. Iotova, A. Swiader-Lesniak, B. Koletzko, G. Cardon, O. Androutsos, G. Moschonis, and Group Toy Box Study. 2022. 'Prospective BMI changes in preschool children are associated with parental characteristics and body weight perceptions: the ToyBox-study', Public Health Nutr, 25: 1552–62. [ PMC free article : PMC9991669 ] [ PubMed : 33843562 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 289 Marks, Julie T. 2004. 'A comparison of Web and print media for physical activity promotion among middle school girls', The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 290 Martens, M. P., J. Buscemi, A. E. Smith, and J. G. Murphy. 2012. 'The short-term efficacy of a brief motivational intervention designed to increase physical activity among college students', Journal of physical activity & health, 9: 525–32. [ PubMed : 21934167 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 291 Martincrespo-Blanco, M. C., D. Varillas-Delgado, S. Blanco-Abril, M. G. Cid-Exposito, and J. Robledo-Martin. 2022. 'Effectiveness of an Intervention Programme on Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in a Preschool Child: A Randomised Controlled Trial', Nutrients, 14. [ PMC free article : PMC9025428 ] [ PubMed : 35458098 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 292 Martinez, Lauren Cook. 2015. 'Influences of Specific Environmental Domains on Childhood Obesity and Related Behaviors', University of Southern California. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 293 Martínez-López, Emilio J., Sebastián López-Serrano, Manuel De La Torre-Cruz, and Alberto Ruiz-Ariza. 2021. 'Effects of the augmented reality game Pokemon GO on fitness and fatness in secondary school students', Health Education Journal, 81: 54–68. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 294 Mathew, J. L., M. K. Das, and P. Kumar. 2020. 'Cluster Randomized Trial Evaluating Impact of a Community-based Microfinance Scheme on Childhood Nutritional Status', Indian pediatrics, 57: 459–64. [ PubMed : 32444519 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 295 Matthan, Nirupa R., Kathryn Barger, Tsai Chia-Fang, Judith Wylie-Rosett, Adriana E. Groisman-Perelstein, Pamela M. Diamantis, Xiaonan Xue, Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani, Mindy Ginsberg, and Alice H. Lichtenstein. 2021. 'Abstract 13127: Concordance in Nutrient Biomarker and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Between Child-Parent Dyads Participating in a Family-Based Childhood Weight Management Intervention', Circulation, 144: A13127–A27. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 296 Mattos, L. B., M. B. Mattos, A. P. O. Barbosa, M. D. S. Bauer, M. H. Strack, P. Rosario, C. T. Reppold, and C. R. Magalhaes. 2018. 'Promoting Self-Regulation in Health Among Vulnerable Brazilian Children: Protocol Study', Frontiers in Psychology, 9: 651. [ PMC free article : PMC5949717 ] [ PubMed : 29867636 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 297 McElrone, M., S. Colby, H. N. Fouts, M. Spence, K. Kavanagh, L. Franzen-Castle, M. D. Olfert, K. K. Kattelmann, and A. A. White. 2020. 'Feasibility and Acceptability of Implementing a Culturally Adapted Cooking Curriculum for Burundian and Congolese Refugee Families', Ecol Food Nutr, 59: 598–614. [ PubMed : 32397821 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 298 McKenzie, T. L., J. F. Sallis, J. J. Prochaska, T. L. Conway, S. J. Marshall, and P. Rosengard. 2004. 'Evaluation of a two-year middle-school physical education intervention: M-SPAN', Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36: 1382–8. [ PubMed : 15292747 ] Ineligible study design 12–18 299 McLaughlin, Joan E., Lawrence S. Bernstein, May Kay Crepinsek, Lynn M. Daft, J. Michael Murphy, Food, Alexandria V. A. Office of Analysis Nutrition Service, and Evaluation. 2002. "Evaluation of the School Breakfast Program Pilot Project: Findings from the First Year of Implementation. Nutrition Assistance Program Report Series." In. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 300 Mecheva, M. D. V., M. Rieger, R. Sparrow, E. Prafiantini, and R. Agustina. 2021. 'Snacks, nudges and asymmetric peer influence: Evidence from food choice experiments with children in Indonesia', Journal of Health Economics, 79 (no pagination). [ PubMed : 34333202 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 301 Meng, Y., B. Lohse, and L. Cunningham-Sabo. 2020. 'Sex modifies the association between the CLOCK variant rs1801260 and BMI in school-age children', PLoS ONE, 15: e0236991. [ PMC free article : PMC7423126 ] [ PubMed : 32785234 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 302 Mennella, J. A., M. A. Papas, A. R. Reiter, V. A. Stallings, and J. C. Trabulsi. 2019. 'Early rapid weight gain among formula-fed infants: Impact of formula type and maternal feeding styles', Pediatric Obesity, 14: 1–7. [ PMC free article : PMC6594394 ] [ PubMed : 30629845 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 303 Menor-Rodriguez, M. J., J. Cortes-Martin, R. Rodriguez-Blanque, M. I. Tovar-Galvez, M. J. Aguilar-Cordero, and J. C. Sanchez-Garcia. 2022. 'Influence of an Educational Intervention on Eating Habits in School-Aged Children', Children (Basel), 9. [ PMC free article : PMC9028132 ] [ PubMed : 35455618 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 304 Meseri, Reci, İsil Ergin, Gulengul Mermer, Hur Hassoy, Selda Yoruk, and Seyam Catalgol. 2018. 'School based multifaceted nutrition intervention decreased obesity in a high school: an intervention study from Turkey', Progress in Nutrition, 19: 373–83. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 305 Middleton, Kathryn R., and Michael G. Perri. 2014. 'A Randomized Trial Investigating the Effect of a Brief Lifestyle Intervention on Freshman-Year Weight Gain', Journal of American College Health, 62: 101–09. [ PubMed : 24456512 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 306 Mohan, B., and K. Ward. 2021. 'Science for Kids: Effects of low-glycemic index diet on plasma adipokines in childhood obesity', Pediatr Res, 90: 1096–97. [ PubMed : 34667269 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 307 Mok, K. T., S. E. H. Tung, S. Kaur, Y. S. Chin, M. Y. Martini, and V. Ulaganathan. 2023. 'A home gardening intervention to improve vegetable consumption among urban poor children: A study protocol for randomised controlled trial', Nutr Health, 29: 9–20. [ PubMed : 36330727 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 308 Monthuy-Blanc, Johana, Vincent Lemieux, Joanie Thériault, and Michel Rousseau. 2020. 'Exploratory Study: A Blind Integrated School-Based Prevention Program on Eating Disorders and Obesity', Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 39: 61–84. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 309 Moon, R. C., S. A. Cunningham, and J. Gazmararian. 2020. 'Impact of Weight Status on the Cardiopulmonary Fitness Outcome of a School-Based Physical Activity Program', J Sch Health, 90: 762–70. [ PMC free article : PMC7856835 ] [ PubMed : 32794603 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 310 Moore, Jean Burley, Lisa Renee Pawloski, Patricia Goldberg, Kyeung Mi Oh, Ana Stoehr, and Heibatollah Baghi. 2009. 'Childhood Obesity Study: A Pilot Study of the Effect of the Nutrition Education Program "Color My Pyramid'", Journal of School Nursing, 25: 230–39. [ PubMed : 19363107 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 311 Morley, D., J. Rudd, J. Issartel, J. Goodway, D. O'Connor, J. Foulkes, M. Babic, J. Kavanagh, and A. Miller. 2021. 'Rationale and study protocol for the Movement Oriented Games Based Assessment (MOGBA) cluster randomized controlled trial: A complex movement skill intervention for 8–12 year old children within 'Made to Play'', PLoS ONE, 16: e0253747. [ PMC free article : PMC8224954 ] [ PubMed : 34166447 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 312 Morley, D., J. Rudd, J. Issartel, J. Goodway, D. O'Connor, J. Foulkes, M. Babic, J. Kavanagh, and A. Miller. 2021. 'Rationale and study protocol for the Movement Oriented Games Based Assessment (MOGBA) cluster randomized controlled trial: A complex movement skill intervention for 8–12 year old children within 'Made to Play'', PLoS ONE, 16: e0253747. [ PMC free article : PMC8224954 ] [ PubMed : 34166447 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 313 Mozaffari-Khosravi, H., M. Shakiba, M. H. Eftekhari, and F. Fatehi. 2009. 'Effects of zinc supplementation on physical growth in 2–5-year-old children', Biological trace element research, 128: 118–27. [ PubMed : 18956153 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 314 Muckelbauer, R. Libuda, L. Clausen, K. Toschke, A. 2010. 'Immigrational background affects the effectiveness of a school-based overweight prevention program promoting water consumption', Obesity, 18: 528–34. [ PubMed : 19713953 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 315 Muckelbauer, R., L. Libuda, K. Clausen, A. M. Toschke, T. Reinehr, and M. Kersting. 2009. 'Promotion and provision of drinking water in schools for overweight prevention: randomized, controlled cluster trial', Pediatrics, 123: e661–7. [ PubMed : 19336356 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 316 Muckelbauer, R., L. Libuda, K. Clausen, A. M. Toschke, T. Reinehr, and M. Kersting. 2012. 'Promotion and Provision of Drinking Water in Schools for Overweight Prevention: randomized, Controlled Cluster Trial', Nutrition Today, 47: S27. [ PubMed : 19336356 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 317 Muckelbauer, R., L. Libuda, K. Clausen, and M. Kersting. 2011. 'Approaches for the prevention of overweight through modified beverage consumption in the elementary school setting: the "trinkfit" study', Bundesgesundheitsblatt - gesundheitsforschung - gesundheitsschutz, 54: 339–48. [ PubMed : 21347767 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 318 Myers, E. F. Gerstein, D. E. F. o s t e r Myers Esther, F. 2014. 'Energy balance for kids with play: design and implementation of a multi-component school-based obesity prevention program', Childhood Obesity, 10: 251–59. [ PubMed : 24783961 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 319 Mylant, M., M. J. Isaacson, and J. Heil. 'The Feasibility of the Strengthening Family and an Adapted American Indian Nutrition and Physical Activity Program: A Pilot Study'. [ PubMed : 34432963 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 320 Nagao-Sato, Sayaka, Silvia Alvarez de Davila, Aysegul Baltaci, Roxana Linares, Alejandro Peralta Reyes, Youjie Zhang, Ghaffar AN Hurtado Choque, and Marla Reicks. 2021. 'P71 Barriers to Attendance in a Father-focused Adolescent Obesity Prevention Program: Padres Preparados, J&#xf3;venes Saludables', Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 53: S57. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 321 Natale, R., F. D. Atem, C. Lebron, M. S. Mathew, S. M. Weerakoon, C. C. Martinez, K. P. Shelnutt, R. Spector, and S. E Messiah. 2022. 'Cluster-randomised trial of the impact of an obesity prevention intervention on childcare centre nutrition and physical activity environment over 2 years', Public Health Nutr, 25: 3172–81. [ PMC free article : PMC9991736 ] [ PubMed : 34593076 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 322 Natale, R., Y. Agosto, R. J. Bulotsky Shearer, S. M. St George, and J. Jent. 2023. 'Designing a virtual mental health consultation program to support and strengthen childcare centers impacted by COVID-19: A randomized controlled trial protocol', Contemp Clin Trials, 124: 107022. [ PMC free article : PMC9694403 ] [ PubMed : 36442806 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 323 Nation-Grainger, Stephen. 2017. ''Iťs just PE' till 'It felt like a computer game': using technology to improve motivation in physical education', Research Papers in Education, 32: 463–80. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 324 Naylor, P. Macdonald, H. M. Zebedee, J. A. Reed, K. E. McKay, H. A. 2006a. 'Lessons learned from Action Schools BC: an active schools model to promote physical activity in elementary schools', Journal of science and medicine in sport, 9: 413–19. [ PubMed : 16884957 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 325 Naylor, P. Macdonald, H. Reed, K. McKay, H. A. 2006b. 'Action Schools BC: a socio-ecological approach to modifying disease risk factors in elementary school children', Preventing Chronic Disease, 3: A6017–A19. [ PMC free article : PMC1563946 ] [ PubMed : 16539801 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 326 NCT00061165. 2003. 'Obesity Prevention in African American School Children', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00061165 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18; 327 NCT00149695. 2005. 'Soft Drink, Milk and Obesity in Chilean Children', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00149695 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 328 NCT01816516. 2013. 'Healthy Babies Through Infant Centered Feeding', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01816516 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 329 NCT01845480. 2013. 'The Wildcat Wellness Coaching Trial', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01845480 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18; 330 NCT01855009. 2013. 'Study of Parental Ratings of Quality of Life and Body Composition in 5–19 Year Olds While Participating in the Good NEWS 4 Kids Program', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01855009 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 331 NCT01990508. 2013. 'Randomized Trial of Financial Incentives to Reduce Sugar-sweetened Beverage Purchases by Low-income, Latino Families', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01990508 . [ PMC free article : PMC6276364 ] [ PubMed : 29493476 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 332 NCT02186327. 2014. 'Integrative Health Coaching in Community Settings', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02186327 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 333 NCT02458131. 2015. 'Community-based Adolescent Diabetes Prevention Program', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02458131 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 334 NCT02470949. 2014. 'Influence of a Monopoly Game on Subtle Behaviors', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02470949 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 335 NCT02689973. 2016. "Effects of Self-efficacy, Planning, and Self-efficacy+Planning Interventions on Body Fat Among Adolescents." In. Outcome of interest was not measured 12–18 336 NCT02932813. 2016. 'Translational Health After School Program on Health-Related Knowledge/Behaviors and Exercise Perception', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02932813 . Ineligible study design 5–11 337 NCT03069274. 2017. 'Sugar-sweetened Beverage Intake Substitution by Water to Prevent Overweight in Mexican Children', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03069274 . Ineligible study design 5–11 338 NCT03422926. 2018. 'ChildObesityl80 - Social Marketing Campaign to Encourage Healthful Eating in Restaurants for Children', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03422926 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 339 NCT03469752. 2018. 'Latino Fathers Promoting Healthy Youth Behaviors', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03469752 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18; 340 NCT03479658. 2018. 'Dose-effect of HIIT on Cardiovascular Health of Children', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03479658 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11 341 NCT03648138. 2018. 'Testing the Influence of Different Sugary Drink Warning Label Designs', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03648138 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 342 NCT03710746. 2018. 'Project Health: enhancing Effectiveness of a Dissonance-Based Obesity Prevention Program', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03710746 . Outcome of interest was not measured 12–18 343 NCT03882957. 2019. 'Trial on the Effect of Media Multi-tasking on Attention to Food Cues and Cued Overeating', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03882957 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 344 NCT03885115. 2019. 'Lace Up and Move: structured After School Intervention for Hispanic and African American Youth', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03885115 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18; 345 NCT04022694. 2019. 'Preventing Non-communicable Diseases in Guatemala Through Sugary Drink Reduction', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04022694 . Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 346 NCT04223687. 2020. 'Impact of Warnings on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04223687 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 347 NCT04250896. 2020. 'mHealth for Prevention of Childhood Obesity in Mexico', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04250896 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 348 NCT04362280. 2020. 'Teens Committed to Health Through Activity, Relationships, and Good Eating', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04362280 . Ineligible population 12–18 349 NCT04754269. 2021. 'A Mobile Health Intervention to Reduce Sweet Beverage Consumption in Latino Children', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04754269 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 350 NCT04800432. 2021. 'Adapting Diet and Action for Everyone (ADAPT+)', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04800432 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 351 NCT04825184. 2021. 'The Impact of an Artificial Intelligence Chatbot on Brazilian Adolescents' Body Image', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04825184 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 352 NCT04861636. 2021. 'Teen Weight Control', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04861636 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 353 NCT04863040. 2021. 'The Impact of Activity Breaks on Cognitive Function, Adiposity and Fitness in Preschoolers', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04863040 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 354 NCT04864574. 2021. 'Childcare Outdoor Learning Environments as Active Food Systems', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04864574 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 355 NCT04968496. 2021. 'Biobehavioral Mechanisms of Food Insecurity', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04968496 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 356 NCT04971317. 2021. 'The Influence of Simple, Low-Cost Chemistry Intervention Videos: a Randomized Trial of Children's Preferences for Sugar-Sweetened Beverages', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04971317 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 357 NCT04971811. 2021. 'Effects of Energy Density on Self-served Snacks in Preschool Children', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04971811 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 358 NCT04985227. 2021. 'Impact of Home Weight Tele-monitoring on the Number of Office Visits in the First Six Weeks of Life in Infants', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04985227 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 359 NCT04989738. 2021. 'Teaching Healthy Responsive Parenting During Infancy to Promote Vital Growth and dEvelopment (THRIVE) Study', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT04989738 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 360 NCT05002049. 2021. 'Science Engagement to Empower Disadvantaged adolescents (SEEDS Project)', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05002049 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 361 NCT05020041. 2021. 'Change Physical Activity and School Play Space. Randomized Study Protocol', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05020041 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 362 NCT05020366. 2021. 'Preventing Obesity Through Parent Empowerment and the Activation of Routines (PrO-PEAR)', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05020366 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 363 NCT05025995. 2021. 'The Effect of a Serious Health Game on Children's Eating Behavior', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05025995 . [ PMC free article : PMC8446837 ] [ PubMed : 34473061 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 364 NCT05050539. 2021. 'Adaptive Implementation to Optimize Delivery of Obesity Prevention Practices in Early Care and Education Settings', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05050539 . [ PMC free article : PMC8932138 ] [ PubMed : 35303894 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 365 NCT05070377. 2021. 'A Physical Activity Program for Adolescents - ActTeens', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05070377 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 366 NCT05073029. 2021. 'Open Label Randomized Clinical Study to Promote a Healthy Lifestyle in Medical Students', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05073029 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 367 NCT05094466. 2021. 'Parent and Family Obesity Intervention in Reducing Obesity Risk in Racial Ethnic Minority Families', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05094466 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 368 NCT05106426. 2021. 'Healthy Caregivers-Healthy Children: phase 3', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05106426 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 369 NCT05107726. 2021. 'Family Based Time-Restricted Eating', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05107726 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 370 NCT05120804. 2021. 'Family Functioning in Obesity Treatment for Mexican Americans', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05120804 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 371 NCT05140070. 2021. 'Fruit and Vegetable Products Enriched With Fibre From Potato Starch With Prebiotic Properties for Children and Youth', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05140070 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 372 NCT05285761. 2022. 'feediNg gUidelines infanT RandomIzEd coNtrolled Trial', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05285761 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 373 NCT05294601. 2022. 'Effect of High Intensity Children's Games Compared With Medium Intensityregulation, Obesity Biomarkers and Body Composition in Boys and Girls', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05294601 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 374 NCT05328193. 2022. 'Food for Thought: virtual Home-Based Family Interventions to Improve Nutrition Behaviors', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05328193 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 375 NCT05358444. 2022. 'Family Diabetes Prevention Program Pilot Study', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05358444 . Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 376 NCT05367674. 2022. 'Summer Harvest Adventure: a Garden-based Obesity Prevention Program for Children Residing in Low-resource Communities', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05367674 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 377 NCT05396443. 2022. 'Telehealth Lifestyle Program for Black Adolescent Girls at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05396443 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 378 NCT05417347. 2022. 'Full-fat Dairy Products, Body Weight Control and Metabolic Health', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05417347 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 379 NCT05424471. 2022. 'Preventing Early Childhood Obesity, Part 1: long-term Follow-up', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05424471 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 380 NCT05433415. 2022. 'Black Girls Move: a Daughter/Mother Intervention to Prevent Obesity Physical Activity and Improving Dietary Intake Among Black Adolescent Daughters', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05433415 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 381 NCT05445193. 2022. 'PEaters Choice™: nutrition Intervention Module for Picky Eaters', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05445193 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 382 NCT05468216. 2022. 'Movement Integration in Primary Schools' Lessons', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05468216 . Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 383 NCT05477628. 2022. 'Nutrition Recommendation Intervention trials in Children's Healthcare', https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT05477628 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 384 Neshteruk, C. D., G. L. Tripicchio, S. Lobaugh, A. E. Vaughn, C. T. Luecking, S. Mazzucca, and D. S. Ward. 2021. 'Screen Time Parenting Practices and Associations with Preschool Children's TV Viewing and Weight-Related Outcomes', Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18: 09. [ PMC free article : PMC8303526 ] [ PubMed : 34299807 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 385 Nezami, B., J. Power, L. Hurley, and D. Tate. 2020. 'A randomized controlled trial of two diet monitoring approaches in a mobile weight loss intervention', Obesity, 28 (SUPPL 2): 43. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11 386 Niinikoski, H., H. Lagström, E. Jokinen, M. Siltala, T. Rönnemaa, J. Viikari, O. T. Raitakari, A. Jula, J. Marniemi, K. Näntö-Salonen, and et al 2007. 'Impact of repeated dietary counseling between infancy and 14 years of age on dietary intakes and serum lipids and lipoproteins: the STRIP study', Circulation, 116: 1032–40. [ PubMed : 17698729 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 387 Niknam, M., N. Omidvar, P. Amiri, H. Eini-Zinab, and N. Kalantari. 2022. 'The Action Plan and Strategy Development for the Community Readiness Improvement for Tackling Childhood Obesity (CRITCO) Study', Int J Endocrinol Metab, 20: e111371. [ PMC free article : PMC8994822 ] [ PubMed : 35432551 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 388 NL9536. 2021. 'A randomized, controlled, double-blind parallel group trial to study the effects of an infant formula containing partially hydrolysed proteins on growth and tolerance in healthy term infants', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID=NL9536 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 389 Noemi, L. 2015. 'A program aimed at preventing obesity by modifying the school environment manages to change the behavior of Argentine children', Archivos latinoamericanos de nutrición, 65. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 390 Norman, Åsa. 2016. 'Parental support to promote children's dietary and physical activity behaviors in disadvantaged settings', Karolinska Institutet. Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 391 Norman, Moss E., LeAnne Petherick, Eric Garcia, Gordon Giesbrecht, and Todd Duhamel. 2018. 'Governing indigenous recreation at a distance: a critical analysis of an after school active health intervention', Sport, Education & Society, 23: 135–48. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 392 Norris, E. J. 2017. 'Virtual field trips as physically active lessons for children', University of London, University College London (United Kingdom). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 393 Nosi, C., A. D'Agostino, C. A. Pratesi, and C. Barbarossa. 2021. 'Evaluating a social marketing campaign on healthy nutrition and lifestyle among primary-school children: A mixed-method research design', Eval Program Plann, 89: 101965. [ PubMed : 34116390 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 394 Nqweniso, S., R. Du Randt, L. Adams, J. Degen, S. Gall, M. Gerber, N. Joubert, I. Muller, D. Smith, H. Seelig, P. Steinmann, N. Probst-Hensch, J. Utzinger, U. Puhse, and C. Walter. 2021. 'Effect of school-based interventions on body composition of grade-4 children from lower socioeconomic communities in Gqeberha, South Africa', SAJCH South African Journal of Child Health, 15(2): 89–98. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 395 NTR5993. 2016. 'What are the effects of 10 minutes of exercise breaks during the school curriculum on the cognitive and academic performance in children', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID=NTR5993 . Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 396 O'Brien, Wesley. 2013. 'The design, development, implementation and evaluation of the Youth-Physical Activity Towards Health (Y-PATH) intervention', Dublin City University (Ireland). Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 397 O'Connor, T. M., A. Beltran, S. Musaad, O. Perez, A. Flores, E. Galdamez-Calderon, T. Isbell, E. M. Arredondo, R. Parra Cardona, N. Cabrera, S. A. Marton, T. Baranowski, and P. J. Morgan. 2020. 'Feasibility of Targeting Hispanic Fathers and Children in an Obesity Intervention: Papas Saludables Ninos Saludables', Child Obes, 16: 379–92. [ PMC free article : PMC7475092 ] [ PubMed : 32466678 ] Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 398 O'Kane, S. M., A. Carlin, A. M. Gallagher, I. M. Lahart, R. Jago, M. Faulkner, and M. H. Murphy. 2020. 'A study protocol for a clustered randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a peer-led school-based walking intervention on adolescent girls' physical activity: the Walking In ScHools (WISH) study', BMC Public Health, 20: 541. [ PMC free article : PMC7171742 ] [ PubMed : 32316957 ] Ineligible study design 12–18 399 Okesene-Gafa, K., M. Li, R. S. Taylor, J. M. D. Thompson, C. A. Crowther, C. J. D. McKinlay, and L. M. E. McCowan. 2018. 'Correction: a randomised controlled demonstration trial of multifaceted nutritional intervention and or probiotics: the healthy mums and babies (HUMBA) trial [BMC Pregnancy Childbirth., 16, (2016) (373)] DOI: 10.1186/s12884-016-1149-8', BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18. [ PMC free article : PMC5123375 ] [ PubMed : 27884128 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 400 Olive, Lisa S., Don Byrne, Ross B. Cunningham, Rohan M. Telford, and Richard D. Telford. 2019. 'Can Physical Education Improve the Mental Health of Children? The Look Study Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial', Journal of Educational Psychology, 111: 1331–40. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 401 Olsen, N. J., S. C. Larsen, J. F. Rohde, M. Stougaard, M. N. Handel, I. O. Specht, and B. L. Heitmann. 2022. 'Effects of the healthy start randomized intervention on psychological stress and sleep habits among obesity-susceptible healthy weight children and their parents', PLoS ONE, 17: e0264514. [ PMC free article : PMC8912262 ] [ PubMed : 35271601 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 402 Ooi, J. Y., L. Wolfenden, S. L. Yoong, L. M. Janssen, K. Reilly, N. Nathan, and R. Sutherland. 2021. 'Atrial of a six-month sugar-sweetened beverage intervention in secondary schools from a socio-economically disadvantaged region in Australia', Aust N Z J Public Health, 45: 599–607. [ PubMed : 34761854 ] Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 403 Ordway MR, Sadler LS, Holland ML, Slade A, Close N, Mayes LC. 2018. 'Erratum: a home visiting parenting program and child obesity: a randomized trial (Pediatrics (2018) 141: 2 (e20171076) DOI: 10.1542/peds.2018–0770)', Pediatrics, 141. [ PMC free article : PMC5810599 ] [ PubMed : 29339565 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 404 O'Reilly, S. L., E. C. O'Brien, D. McGuinness, J. Mehegan, B. Coughlan, D. O'Brien, M. Szafranska, S. Callanan, S. Hughes, M. C. Conway, M. Brosnan, L. Sheehy, R. Murtagh, L. O'Hagan, S. Murray, C. Scallon, E. Dunn, P. Power, M. Woodcock, A. Carroll, M. Corbett, M. Walsh, R. Keogh, and F. M. McAuliffe. 2021. 'Latch On: A protocol for a multi-centre, randomised controlled trial of perinatal support to improve breastfeeding outcomes in women with a raised BMI', Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 22 (no pagination). [ PMC free article : PMC8165542 ] [ PubMed : 34095603 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 405 PACTR202111813445259. 2020. 'Improving adolescent girls consumption of pulses by nutrition education', https://trialsearch ​.who ​.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID ​=PACTR202111813445259 . Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 406 Pan, Xiang, Tian Xia, Yibo Gao, Lupei Jiang, and Yanfeng Zhang. 2022. 'Randomized Controlled Study of Factors Influencing Body Composition and Exercise Quality of Male Adolescents Aged 13–15 Years Based onCross-Lagged Models: Obesity Level, Salivary Testosterone, and Exercise Combined with Caloric Restriction Intervention', Journal of Men's Health, 18: 1–11. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 407 Parkinson, K. N., Jones A. R., Tovee M. J. Ells L. J. Pearce M. S., and Araujo-Soares V. Adamson A. J. 2015. 'A cluster randomised trial testing an intervention to improve parents' recognition of their child's weight status: study protocol', BMC Public Health, 15: 549. [ PMC free article : PMC4465009 ] [ PubMed : 26068921 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11 408 Partridge, S. R., R. Raeside, Z. Latham, A. C. Singleton, K. Hyun, A. Grunseit, K. Steinbeck, and J. Redfern. 2019. "Not to Be Harsh but Try Less to Relate to ťhe Teens' and You'll Relate to Them More': Co-Designing Obesity Prevention Text Messages with Adolescents', International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health [Electronic Resource], 16: 04. [ PMC free article : PMC6950483 ] [ PubMed : 31817167 ] Ineligible study design 12–18 409 Partridge, S., A. Singleton, P. Cohen, M. Allman-Farinelli, S. Mihrshahi, J. Chau, A. Bauman, P. Phongsavan, and J. Redfern. 2018. 'Development of a Bank of Text Messages Targeting Healthy Eating, Physical Activity, and Social Wellbeing In Adolescents At Risk of Obesity', Global Heart, 13 (4): 493. Ineligible intervention aim 12–18 410 Paulsamy, P., K. Periannan, V. Easwaran, N. Abdulla Khan, V. Manoharan, K. Venkatesan, A. A. Qureshi, K. Prabahar, G. Kandasamy, R. Vasudevan, K. Chidambaram, E. M. Pappiya, K. Venkatesan, and P. Sethuraj. 2021. 'School-Based Exercise and Life Style Motivation Intervention (SEAL.MI) on Adolescenťs Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Academic Performance: Catch Them Young', Healthcare (Basel), 9. [ PMC free article : PMC8621945 ] [ PubMed : 34828595 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 411 Perry, Arlette C., Emily W. Flanagan, Carolina Velasquez, Kara D. Bolon, Gina C. Zito, and Soyeon Ahn. 2021. 'The Effects of a Science-Based Community Intervention on Health Outcomes in Minority Children: The Translational Health in Nutrition and Kinesiology Program', Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 18: 1074–81. [ PubMed : 34172591 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 412 Persson, Johanna End. 2019. 'Family-Based Prevention of Childhood Obesity: Long-Term Outcomes, Challenges and Implications for Future Research', Karolinska Institutet (Sweden). Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 413 Phu, P. V., N. V. Hoan, B. Salvignol, S. Treche, F. T. Wieringa, M. A. Dijkhuizen, N. C. Khan, P. D. Tuong, H. Schwartz, and J. Berger. 2012. 'A six-month intervention with two different types of micronutrient-fortified complementary foods had distinct short- and long-term effects on linear and ponderal growth of Vietnamese infants', Journal of nutrition, 142: 1735–40. [ PubMed : 22810985 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 414 Pizzirani, Bengianni, Rachael Green, Renee O'Donnell, and Helen Skouteris. 2022. 'Healthy Lifestyle Programs in Out-of-Home Care: Implementing Preventative Trauma-informed Approaches at Scale', Australian Social Work, 75: 5–18. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 415 Polonsky, H. M., K. W. Bauer, J. O. Fisher, A. Davey, S. Sherman, M. L. Abel, A. Hanlon, K. J. Ruth, L. C. Dale, and G. D. Foster. 2019. 'Errors in the Abstract, Results Section, and Table 2', JAMA Pediatrics, 173: 704–04. [ PMC free article : PMC6547218 ] [ PubMed : 31135809 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11 416 Polonsky, H. M., K. W. Bauer, J. O. Fisher, A. Davey, S. Sherman, M. L. Abel, A. Hanlon, K. J. Ruth, L. C. Dale, and G. D. Foster. 2019. 'Errors in the Abstract, Results Section, and Table 2', JAMA Pediatrics, 173: 704–04. [ PMC free article : PMC6547218 ] [ PubMed : 31135809 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11 417 Polonsky, Heather M. 2017. 'Effects of a Breakfast in the Classroom Initiative on Childhood Obesity in Low-Income Ethnically Diverse Youth: A Randomized Control Trial', M.S., Temple University. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 418 Pope, L., and J. Harvey. 2014. 'The efficacy of incentives to motivate continued fitness-center attendance in college first-year students: a randomized controlled trial', Journal of American College Health, 62: 81–90. [ PubMed : 24456510 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 419 Poullard, Yolanda K. 2021. 'A Causal-Comparative Intervention Study for Combatting Obesity Among Middle School Students', Northcentral University. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 420 Prelip, Michael, Wendelin Slusser, Chan L. Thai, Janni Kinsler, and Jennifer T. Erausquin. 2011. 'Effects of a School-Based Nutrition Program Diffused throughout a Large Urban Community on Attitudes, Beliefs, and Behaviors Related to Fruit and Vegetable Consumption', Journal of School Health, 81: 520–29. [ PubMed : 21831064 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 421 Price, Cath. 2015. 'Increasing physical activity levels of primary school-aged children and its effects on physical health well-being: evaluations of a home-based and a school-based behavioural self-management intervention [thesis]'. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 422 Prieto-Zambrano, P., L. Pache-Iglesias, A. T. Dominguez-Martin, I. Panea-Pizarro, A. Gomez-Luque, and F. Lopez-Espuela. 2020. 'Impact of an educational intervention on the quality of the Mediterranean diet, physical activity and weight status in adolescents: Randomised clinical trial', Enfermeria clinica., 13. [ PubMed : 32299659 ] Ineligible study design 12–18 423 Prina, S. Royer, H. 2014. 'The importance of parental knowledge: evidence from weight report cards in Mexico', Journal of Health Economics, 37: 232–47. [ PubMed : 25132149 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11 424 Pryor, Susan Kirchner. 1998. 'The effect of contingency contracting on enhancing intrinsic motivation and exercise behaviors in ten and eleven year old girls', Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Nursing. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 425 Puma, Michael, Stephen Bell, Ronna Cook, Camilla Heid, Michael Lopez, Children Administration for, Office of Planning Research Families, Evaluation, Inc Westat, Institute Urban, Inc Decision Information Resources, Research American Institutes for, and L. L. C. Chesapeake Research Associates. 2005. "Head Start Impact Study: First Year Findings." In.: Administration for Children & Families. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 426 Quaresma, A. M., A. L. Palmeira, S. S. Martins, C. S. Minderico, and L. B. Sardinha. 2014. 'Effect of a school-based intervention on physical activity and quality of life through serial mediation of social support and exercise motivation: the PESSOA program', Health Education Research, 29: 906–17. [ PubMed : 25274722 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 427 Quintiliani, L. M. DeBiasse M. A., Branco J. M., Bhosrekar S. G., Rorie J. A., and Bowen D. J. 2014. 'Enhancing physical and social environments to reduce obesity among public housing residents: rationale, trial design, and baseline data for the Healthy Families study', Contemporary clinical trials, 39: 201–10. [ PubMed : 25139728 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18; 428 Rabbani, B., H. Chiti, F. Sharifi, and S. Mazloomzadeh. 2022. 'Effect of lifestyle modification for two years on obesity and metabolic syndrome components in elementary students: A community- based trial', Caspian J Intern Med, 13: 555–66. [ PMC free article : PMC9348219 ] [ PubMed : 35974937 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 429 Raj, A., S. Kashyap, K. Kundra, S. Kandari, R. Rela, and F. Naz. 2022. 'Correlation Between BMI, Caries Prevalence, and Sugar-containing Beverage Intake in 6–10 Year Old Children', J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 14: S991–S94. [ PMC free article : PMC9469329 ] [ PubMed : 36110683 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 430 Ramírez-López, E., M. I. Grijalva-Haro, M. Valencia, J. A. Ponce, and E. Artalejo. 2005. 'Effect of a School Breakfast Program on the prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in children', Salud pública de méxico, 47: 126–33. [ PubMed : 15889638 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 431 Ranjit, N., A. Nielsen, N. Akhavan, L. Denis, K. Janda, C. Jovanovic, S. Basu, A. Hussaini, and A. van den Berg. 2022. 'Outcomes of a Community-Wide Health Intervention in a Low-Income, Primarily Hispanic Community: The Go! Austin/Vamos! Austin (GAVA) Initiative', Health Promot Pract, 23: 185–94. [ PubMed : 33034208 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 432 RBR-7zp9n4. 2015. 'Evaluation of the effects of a programme promoting adequate and healthy eating on adolescent health condiction: an interventional study', http://www ​.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2 ​.aspx?TrialID ​=RBR-7zp9n4 . [ PubMed : 26545521 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 433 Reed, K. E. Warburton, D. E. Macdonald, H. M. Naylor, P. J. McKay, H. A. 2008. 'Action Schools! BC: a school-based physical activity intervention designed to decrease cardiovascular disease risk factors in children', Preventive medicine, 46: 525–31. [ PubMed : 18377970 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 434 Reed, Katharine. 2007. 'Effects of a school-based physical activity model on cardiovascular disease risk factors in children: Action Schools! British Columbia', The University of British Columbia (Canada). Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 435 Reyes Amigo, Tomas Rodolfo, and A. ntonio Labisa-Palmeira. 2020. 'Moderators of the effect of high-intensity and moderate-intensity games in schoolchildren on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition', Motricidade, 16: 156–69. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 436 Robbins, L. B. Gretebeck, K. A. Kazanis, A. S. Pender, N. J. 2006. 'Girls on the move program to increase physical activity participation', Nursing Research, 55: 206–16. [ PubMed : 16708045 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 437 Rodgers, Rachel F., Debra L. Franko, Mariya Shiyko, Stephen Intille, Kelcey Wilson, Dympna O'Carroll, Meghan Lovering, Atsushi Matsumoto, Alyssa Iannuccilli, Stephanie Luk, and Helen Shoemaker. 2016. 'Exploring healthy eating among ethnic minority students using mobile technology: Feasibility and adherence', Health Informatics Journal, 22: 440–50. [ PubMed : 25609082 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 438 Rodrigues, Rdrm, B. K. Hassan, M. R. Sgambato, Bdsn Souza, D. B. Cunha, R. A. Pereira, E. M. Yokoo, and R. Sichieri. 2021. 'School-based obesity interventions in the metropolitan area of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil: pooled analysis from five randomised studies', BrJ Nutr, 126: 1373–79. [ PubMed : 33441203 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 439 Roemmich, James N., Cathy M. Gurgol, and Leonard H. Epstein. 2004. 'Open-Loop Feedback Increases Physical Activity of Youth', Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 36: 668–73. [ PubMed : 15064595 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 440 Rosenkranz, R. R., P. M. Dixon, D. A. Dzewaltowski, G. M. McLoughlin, J. A. Lee, S. Chen, S. Vazou, L. M. Lanningham-Foster, D. A. Gentile, and G. J. Welk. 2023. 'A cluster-- randomized trial comparing two SWITCH implementation support strategies for school wellness intervention effectiveness', J Sport Health Sci, 12: 87–96. [ PMC free article : PMC9923427 ] [ PubMed : 34871789 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 441 Roth, Taylor C., Chelsea B. Kozikowski, and Timothy D. Nelson. 2019. 'JPP student journal club commentary: From clinic to community: Translating obesity intervention research findings to applications', Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 44: 902–04. [ PubMed : 31361001 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 442 Roy, Rajshri. 2016. 'A health check-up for educational institutions: a settings-based intervention trial to improve tertiary education food environments [thesis]'. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 443 Ruggiero, C. F., L. Poirier, A. C. B. Trude, T. Yang, T. Schwendler, B. Gunen, I. H. Loh, K. Perepezko, C. S. Nam, P. Sato, and J. Gittelsohn. 2018. 'Implementation of B'More Healthy Communities for Kids: process evaluation of a multi-level, multi-component obesity prevention intervention', Health Education Research, 33: 458–72. [ PMC free article : PMC6293311 ] [ PubMed : 30202959 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 444 Ruiter, E. L. M., G. R. M. Molleman, M. Kleinjan, J. T. Kraiss, P. M. Ten Klooster, K. van der Velden, Rcme Engels, and G. A. J. Fransen. 2022. 'The effectiveness of a web-based Dutch parenting program to prevent overweight in children 9–13 years of age: Results of a two-armed cluster randomized controlled trial', PLoS ONE, 17: e0276168. [ PMC free article : PMC9586369 ] [ PubMed : 36269738 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 445 Ruiz-Ariza, Alberto, Sara Suárez-Manzano, Sebastián López-Serrano, and Emilio J. Martínez-López. 2019. 'The effect of cooperative high-intensity interval training on creativity and emotional intelligence in secondary school: A randomised controlled trial', European Physical Education Review, 25: 355–73. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 446 Rummo, P., J. Sze, and B. Elbel. 2022. 'Association Between a Policy to Subsidize Supermarkets in Underserved Areas and Childhood Obesity Risk', JAMA Pediatr, 176: 646–53. [ PMC free article : PMC9086932 ] [ PubMed : 35532919 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 447 Said, L., J. S. Gubbels, and S. P. J. Kremers. 2022. 'Effect Evaluation of Sahtak bi Sahnak, a Lebanese Secondary School-Based Nutrition Intervention: A Cluster Randomised Trial', Front Nutr, 9: 824020. [ PMC free article : PMC8966668 ] [ PubMed : 35369051 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 448 Sallinen, T., A. Viitasalo, N. Lintu, J. Vaisto, S. Soininen, H. Jalkanen, E. A. Haapala, S. Mikkonen, U. Schwab, T. A. Lakka, and A. M. Eloranta. 2022. 'The effects of an 8-year individualised lifestyle intervention on food consumption and nutrient intake from childhood to adolescence: the PANIC Study', J Nutr Sci, 11: e40. [ PMC free article : PMC9171599 ] [ PubMed : 35720174 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 449 Sallis, J. F. McKenzie, T. L. Alcaraz, J. E. Kolody, B. Hovell, M. F. Nader, P. R. 1993. 'Project SPARK. Effects of physical education on adiposity in children', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 699: 127–36. [ PubMed : 8267303 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 450 Sallis, J. F., T. L. McKenzie, T. L. Conway, J. P. Elder, J. J. Prochaska, M. Brown, M. M. Zive, S. J. Marshall, and J. E. Alcaraz. 2003. 'Environmental interventions for eating and physical activity: a randomized controlled trial in middle schools', American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 24: 209–17. [ PubMed : 12657338 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 451 Salminen, Marika, Tero Vahlberg, Ansa Ojanlatva, and Sirkka-Liisa Kivela. 2005. 'Effects of a Controlled Family-Based Health Education/Counseling Intervention', American Journal of Health Behavior, 29: 395–406. [ PubMed : 16201856 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 452 Sánchez-Martínez, F., S. Brugueras, G. Serral, S. Valmayor, O. Juárez, M. J. López, and C. Ariza. 2021. 'Three-Year Follow-Up of the POIBA Intervention on Childhood Obesity: a Quasi-Experimental Study', Nutrients, 13. [ PMC free article : PMC7911572 ] [ PubMed : 33573017 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 453 Sanders, L. M., E. M. Perrin, H. S. Yin, A. M. Delamater, K. B. Flower, A. Bian, J. S. Schildcrout, and R. L. Rothman. 2021. 'A health-literacy intervention for early childhood obesity prevention: a cluster-randomized controlled trial', Pediatrics, 147. [ PMC free article : PMC8086006 ] [ PubMed : 33911032 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 454 Sandvik, Pernilla, Anna Ek, Karin Eli, Maria Somaraki, Matteo Bottai, and Paulina Nowicka. 2019. 'Picky eating in an obesity intervention for preschool-aged children-What role does it play, and does the measurement instrument matter?', The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16. [ PMC free article : PMC6724280 ] [ PubMed : 31481062 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 455 Santina, T., D. Beaulieu, C. Gagne, and L. Guillaumie. 2022. 'Mediators and moderators of physical activity changes in a school-based intervention targeting childhood obesity', J Health Psychol, 27: 2671–84. [ PubMed : 34881675 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 456 Santina, Tania, Dominique Beaulieu, Camille Gagne, and Laurence Guillaumie. 2020. 'Tackling childhood obesity through a school-based physical activity programme: A cluster randomised trial', International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology: No-Specified. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 457 Sazawal, S., A. Habib, U. Dhingra, A. Dutta, P. Dhingra, A. Sarkar, S. Deb, J. Alam, A. Husna, and R. E. Black. 2013. 'Impact of micronutrient fortification of yoghurt on micronutrient status markers and growth - a randomized double blind controlled trial among school children in Bangladesh', BMC Public Health, 13: 514. [ PMC free article : PMC3671231 ] [ PubMed : 23714325 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 458 Scherr, R. E., D. Am Jones Ph, R. Colorafi, S. Klisch, J. D. Linnell, and K. E. Soule. 2021. 'Assessing the Effectiveness of an Extender Model Partnership in Implementing a Multicomponent, School-Based Nutrition Intervention', Health Prompt Pract, 22: 890–98. [ PubMed : 32419514 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 459 Schmied, Emily, Humberto Parada, Lucy Horton, Leticia Ibarra, and Guadalupe Ayala. 2015. 'A Process Evaluation of an Efficacious Family-Based Intervention to Promote Healthy Eating: The "Entre Familia: Reflejos de Salud" Study', Health Education & Behavior, 42: 583–92. [ PubMed : 25810469 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 460 Schofield, L., W. K. Mummery, and G. Schofield. 2005. 'Effects of a controlled pedometer-intervention trial for low-active adolescent girls', Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 37: 1414–20. [ PubMed : 16118591 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 461 Schultink, J., M. van Vliet, S. van der Veek, J. de Vries, C. Vereijken, H. Weenen, G. Jager, J. Mesman, and K. de Graaf. 2018. 'The what and how in complementary feeding: design of a randomized controlled trial', Appetite. Conference: the 42nd meeting of the british feeding and drinking group. France, 130: 315. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 462 Seghers, J., A. S. Van Hoecke, A. Schotte, J. Opdenacker, and F. Boen. 2014. 'The added value of a brief self-efficacy coaching on the effectiveness of a 12-week physical activity program', Journal of physical activity & health, 11:18–29. [ PubMed : 23249643 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 463 Seidler, A. L., K. E. Hunter, D. Espinoza, S. Mihrshahi, L. M. Askie, and Epoch Collaboration. 2021. 'Quantifying the advantages of conducting a prospective meta-analysis (PMA): a case study of early childhood obesity prevention', Trials, 22: 78. [ PMC free article : PMC7821475 ] [ PubMed : 33482883 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 464 Senechal, M., J. J. Hebert, T. J. Fairchild, N. C. Moller, H. Klakk, and N. Wedderkopp. 2021. 'Vigorous physical activity is important in maintaining a favourable health trajectory in active children: the CHAMPS Study-DK', Sci Rep, 11: 19211. [ PMC free article : PMC8478976 ] [ PubMed : 34584178 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 465 Serrano NC, Romero SL, Suarez DP, Rojas LZ, Gamboa-Delgado EM, Forero M, Guio E, Quintero-Lesmes DC. 2020. 'Efficacy of oral Vitamin D supplementation in reducing body mass index and lipid profile in adolescents and young adults in Colombia: a pilot clinical trial protocol nested in the SIMBA cohort', Medicine, 99: e21722-. [ PMC free article : PMC7458167 ] [ PubMed : 32871891 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 466 Sevinc, O. Bozkurt, A. I. Gundogdu, M. Bas Aslan, U. Agbuga, B. Aslan, S. Dikbas, E. Gokce, Z. 2011. 'Evaluation of the effectiveness of an intervention program on preventing childhood obesity in Denizli, Turkey', Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 41: 1097–105. Ineligible study design 5–11 467 Shannon, Stephen. 2017. 'Physical activity and well-being in children of low socio-economic status: testing self-determination theory', University of Ulster (United Kingdom). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 468 Sharma, Shreela V., Ann Marie Hedberg, Katherine A. Skala, Ru-Jye Chuang, and Tamara Lewis. 2015. 'Feasibility and acceptability of a gardening-based nutrition education program in preschoolers from low-income, minority populations', Journal of Early Childhood Research, 13: 93–110. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 469 Shilts, Mical Kay. 2003. 'The effectiveness of guided goal setting on dietary and physical activity self-efficacy and behaviors of middle school adolescents', University of California, Davis. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 470 Singh, N., S. Telles, and A. K. Bhardwaj. 2011. 'Effect of yoga and physical exercise on the physical fitness of school children', Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology., 55: 45–46. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 471 Skrede, Turid. 2019. 'Prospective associations between sedentary time, physical activity and cardiometabolic health in children: The Active Smarter Kids Study', DART-Europe E-theses Portal [ www ​.dart-europe.org ]. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 472 Slining, M., S. Wills, M. Fair, J. Stephenson, S. Knobel, M. Pearson, T. Prostko, J. Smyers, J. Timberlake, and M. Negrete. 2021. 'LiveWell in early childhood: results from a two-year pilot intervention to improve nutrition and physical activity policies, systems and environments among early childhood education programs in South Carolina', BMC Public Health, 21: 919. [ PMC free article : PMC8120745 ] [ PubMed : 33985467 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 473 Smibert, Asa, Rebecca Abbott, Doune Macdonald, Anna Hogan, and Gary Leong. 2010. 'School, Community, and Family Working Together to Address Childhood Obesity: Perceptions from the KOALA Lifestyle Intervention Study', European Physical Education Review, 16: 155–70. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 474 Smit, M. S., H. Raat, F. Molenberg, M. E. G. Wolfers, R. Bannink, and W. Jansen. 2021. 'Study protocol for the evaluation of long-term effects of the school-based obesity prevention program Lekker Fit! ('enjoy being fiť): a retrospective, controlled design', BMJ Open, 11: e046940. [ PMC free article : PMC8365823 ] [ PubMed : 34389567 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 475 Smith, J. D., A. J. Carroll, E. Fu, and C. Berkel. 2021. 'Baseline Targeted Moderation in a Trial of the Family Check-Up 4 Health: potential Explanations for Finding Few Practical Effects', Prevention science. [ PubMed : 34159507 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 476 Smith, Laureen H., and Christopher Holloman. 2013. 'Comparing the Effects of Teen Mentors to Adult Teachers on Child Lifestyle Behaviors and Health Outcomes in Appalachia', Journal of School Nursing, 29: 386–96. [ PMC free article : PMC5106027 ] [ PubMed : 23307890 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 477 Smithers, L. G., J. Hedges, P. H. Ribeiro Santiago, and L. M. Jamieson. 2021. 'Dietary Intake and Anthropometric Measurement at Age 36 Months among Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander Children in Australia: a Secondary Analysis of the Baby Teeth Talk Randomized Clinical Trial', JAMA network open, 4. [ PMC free article : PMC8267605 ] [ PubMed : 34236413 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 478 Soto, S. C., E. M. Arredondo, L. A. Horton, and G. X. Ayala. 2016. 'Validation of the modified Parenting Strategies for Eating and Physical Activity Scale-Diet (PEAS-Diet) in Latino children', Appetite, 98: 55–62. [ PubMed : 26699670 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 479 Stagnitti, Karen, Mary Malakellis, Beth Kershaw, Majella Hoare, Rachel Kenna, and Andrea de Silva-Sanigorski. 2011. 'Evaluating the feasibility, effectiveness and acceptability of an active play intervention for disadvantaged preschool children: a pilot study', Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 36: 66–72. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 480 Stern, M., S. Soca Lozano, C. Lescano, C. Rodriguez, and L. Redwine. 2021. 'Developing Adaptando Dieta Y Accion Para Todos (ADAPT): An Intervention to Improve Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Among Latino Parents and Children Living in Rural Communities', J Immigr Minor Health, 23: 88–94. [ PMC free article : PMC10576241 ] [ PubMed : 32533505 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 481 Stice, Eric, Paul Rohde, Heather Shaw, and C. Nathan Marti. 2013. 'Efficacy Trial of a Selective Prevention Program Targeting Both Eating Disorders and Obesity among Female College Students: 1- and 2-Year Follow-Up Effects', Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81: 183–89. [ PMC free article : PMC3689421 ] [ PubMed : 23231574 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 482 Stookey, J., J. Evans, A. Nelson, and C. Chan. 2015. 'Children in child care centers that participated in the healthy apple award (HAA) program in San Francisco had greater decreases in BMI percentile than children in other local child care centers', FASEB journal, 29. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 483 Strugnell, C., N. Crooks, C. J. Gaskin, D. Becker, L. Orellana, K. A. Bolton, P. Fraser, A. D. Brown, H. Le, C. Bell, and S. Allender. 2023. 'Four-Year Accelerometry Outcomes from a Cluster Randomized Whole of Systems Trial of Prevention Strategies for Childhood Obesity', Child Obes, 19: 332–40. [ PMC free article : PMC10316525 ] [ PubMed : 35930254 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 484 Sudlow AC, le Roux CW. Nothing Ventured, Nothing Gained: Does This Apply to Obesity in Young People? J Am Coll Surg. 2021 Dec;233(6):664–665. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2021.08.683. PMID: 34823676. [ PubMed : 34823676 ] [ CrossRef ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 485 Summer, S., A. Hughes, L. Benken, N. Ollberding, and H. J. Kalkwarf. 2016. 'The ASA24-Kids-2014 versus traditional 24-hour diet recall for assessing dietary intake of adolescents', FASEB journal. Conference: experimental biology 2016, EB. San diego, CA united states. Conference start: 20160402. Conference end: 20160406. Conference publication: (var.pagings), 30. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 486 Sutherland, R., A. Brown, N. Nathan, S. Yoong, L. Janssen, A. Chooi, N. Hudson, J. Wiggers, N. Kerr, N. Evans, K. Gillham, C. Oldmeadow, A. Searles, P. Reeves, M. Davies, K. Reilly, B. Cohen, and L. Wolfenden. 2021. 'A Multicomponent mHealth-Based Intervention (SWAP IT) to Decrease the Consumption of Discretionary Foods Packed in School Lunchboxes: Type I Effectiveness-Implementation Hybrid Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial', J Med Internet Res, 23: e25256. [ PMC free article : PMC8277365 ] [ PubMed : 34185013 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 487 Sutherland, R., J. Ying Ooi, M. Finch, S. L. Yoong, N. Nathan, J. Wrigley, K. Reilly, L. Janssen, J. Wiggers, and L. Wolfenden. 2022. 'A cluster randomised controlled trial of a secondary school intervention to reduce intake of sugar-sweetened beverages: Mid-intervention impact of switchURsip environmental strategies', Health Promot J Austr, 33:176–86. [ PubMed : 33577117 ] Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 488 Sweeney, R., M. Moodie, P. Nguyen, P. Fraser, K. Bolton, A. Brown, J. Marks, N. Crooks, C. Strugnell, C. Bell, L. Millar, L. Orellana, and S. Allender. 2018. 'Protocol for an economic evaluation of WHO STOPS childhood obesity stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial', BMJ Open, 8: e020551. [ PMC free article : PMC5961569 ] [ PubMed : 29764881 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 489 Swindle, T., N. M. McBride, J. P. Selig, S. L. Johnson, L. Whiteside-Mansell, J. Martin, A. Staley, and G. M. Curran. 2021. 'Stakeholder selected strategies for obesity prevention in childcare: results from a small-scale cluster randomized hybrid type III trial', Implementation science, 16: 48-. [ PMC free article : PMC8088574 ] [ PubMed : 33933130 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 490 Tabak, R. G., A. B. Morshed, C. D. Schwarz, and D. Haire-Joshu. 2018. 'Impact of a healthy weight intervention embedded within a national home visiting program on the home food environment', Obesity facts, 11: 264-. [ PMC free article : PMC6028746 ] [ PubMed : 29998092 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 491 Takachi, R., S. Maruya, and J. Ishihara. 2022. 'New Environmental-Related Approaches to Improved Eating Behavior and Nutrition across One's Life Course', J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo), 68: S58–S60. [ PubMed : 36437019 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 492 Taniguchi, T., A. Haslam, W. Sun, M. Sisk, J. Hayman, and V. B. B. Jernigan. 2022. 'Impact of a Farm-to-School Nutrition and Gardening Intervention for Native American Families from the FRESH Study: A Randomized Wait-List Controlled Trial', Nutrients, 14. [ PMC free article : PMC9268191 ] [ PubMed : 35807781 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 493 Tas, Murat, and Ahmet Sinanoglu. 2017. 'Effect of Table Tennis Trainings on Certain Physical and Physiological Parameters in Children Aged 10–12', Journal of Education and Training Studies, 5: 11–19. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 494 Taylor, Sarah. 2018. 'Active schools: skelmersdale (as:sk): intervention approaches to promote primary school physical activity in a high deprivation community', Edge Hill University (United Kingdom). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 495 Tekwe, Carmen D., and David B. Allison. 2020. 'Randomization by cluster, but analysis by individual without accommodating clustering in the analysis is incorrect: Comment', Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 54: 139. [ PubMed : 31880299 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 496 Telles, S., N. Singh, A. K. Bhardwaj, A. Kumar, and A. Balkrishna. 2013. 'Effect of yoga or physical exercise on physical, cognitive and emotional measures in children: a randomized controlled trial', Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health, 7. [ PMC free article : PMC3826528 ] [ PubMed : 24199742 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 497 Tian, X., J. Fu, J. Tian, Y. Yang, W. Liang, W. Fan, and R. Zhao. 2021. 'The Efficacy of Brief School-Based Exercise Programs in Improving Pubertal Bone Mass and Physical Fitness: A Randomized Controlled Trial', Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18. [ PMC free article : PMC8472274 ] [ PubMed : 34574572 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 498 Toussaint, N., M. T. Streppel, S. Mul, M. Balledux, K. V. Drongelen, M. Janssen, R. G. Fukkink, and P. J. M. Weijs. 2021. 'The effects of a preschool-based intervention for Early Childhood Education and Care teachers in promoting healthy eating and physical activity in young children: A cluster randomised controlled trial', PLoS ONE, 16: e0255023. [ PMC free article : PMC8302250 ] [ PubMed : 34298547 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 499 Tripicchio, G. L., M. Kay, S. Herring, T. Cos, C. Bresnahan, D. Gartner, L. S. Sosinsky, and S. B. Bass. 2021. 'Development and Preliminary Feasibility of iByte4Health: A Mobile Health (mHealth) Pediatric Obesity Prevention Intervention to Engage Parents with Low-Income of Children 2–9 Years', Nutrients, 13. [ PMC free article : PMC8708273 ] [ PubMed : 34959792 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 500 Trude, A. C., P. J. Surkan, E. Anderson Steeves, K. Pollack Porter, and J. Gittelsohn. 2019. 'The impact of a multilevel childhood obesity prevention intervention on healthful food acquisition, preparation, and fruit and vegetable consumption on African-American adult caregivers', Public health nutrition, 22:1300–15. [ PMC free article : PMC6486455 ] [ PubMed : 30463637 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18; 501 Trude, A. Steeves, E. A. Shipley, C. Sato, P. M. Lachenmayr, L. Gittelsohn, J. 2017. 'Impact of a multi-level multi-component food environment/behavioral intervention on youth leaders', FASEB Journal. Conference: Experimental Biology, 31. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18; 502 Tucker, K., M. Ingram, K. Doubleday, R. Piper, A. Sander, R. Flores, D. Martinez, and S. Carvajal. 2022. 'Results From La Vida Buena (The Good Life): A Quasi-Experimental Intervention of a Community Health Worker-Led Family-Based Childhood Obesity Program for Latino Children 5–8 Years of Age on the U.S.-Mexico Border', Health Promot Pract: 15248399221112691. [ PubMed : 36468422 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 503 Tully, L., J. Sorensen, and G. O'Malley. 2021. 'Pediatric Weight Management Through mHealth Compared to Face-to-Face Care: Cost Analysis of a Randomized Control Trial', JMIR Mhealth Uhealth, 9: e31621. [ PMC free article : PMC8479601 ] [ PubMed : 34519665 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 504 Turkmen, O., and B. Bicer. 2022. 'Effects of 8-Week Orienteering Training on Physical Fitness Parameters among Adolescents Aged 14–18 Years', Biomed Res Int, 2022: 5068599. [ PMC free article : PMC8947870 ] [ PubMed : 35342766 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 505 Vairano, M. P., P. Russo Krauss, P. D'Agnese, F. Iavarone, R. Rice, F. Strangio, and G. Pezone. 2022. 'The prevention of obesity starting from the kindergarten by means of peer educator mothers and WhatsApp messages', Ann Ig, 34: 156–65. [ PubMed : 33908600 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 506 Van Dyk, T. R., C. Whitacre, T. Howarth, N. Lutz, A. B. Combs, and D. W. Beebe. 2017. 'Short sleep induces emotional eating and worse mood in teens', Sleep, 40: A357-. Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 507 Van Ryzin, M. J., and P. Nowicka. 2012. 'Family-based intervention prevents early adulthood obesity: 10-years follow up of the family check-up, a randomized controlled trial', Obesity facts, 5: 33-. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 508 van Sluijs, E. M. F., H. E. Brown, E. Coombes, C. Hughes, A. P. Jones, K. L. Morton, and J. M. Guagliano. 2021. 'An online family-based self-monitoring and goal-setting intervention to improve children's physical activity: the FRESH feasibility trial and three-arm pilot RCT.' in (Southampton (UK)). [ PubMed : 34591436 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 509 Vanderhout, Shelley Marie. 2021. 'Cow's milk fat and child growth, development and nutrition', Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 82: No-Specified. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 510 Vaughan, K. L., J. E. Cade, M. M. Hetherington, J. E. Cockroft, M. M. Heinen, H. Rippin, and C. E. L. Evans. 2022. 'Evaluation of the PhunkyFoods intervention on food literacy and cooking skills of children aged 7–9 years: a cluster randomised controlled trial in Yorkshire Primary Schools UK', Trials, 23: 618. [ PMC free article : PMC9344772 ] [ PubMed : 35915460 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 511 Vega-López, S., F. F. Marsiglia, S. Ayers, L. R. Williams, M. Bruening, A. Gonzalvez, B. Vega-Luna, A. Perilla, M. Harthun, G. Q. Shaibi, and et al 2020. 'Methods and rationale to assess the efficacy of a parenting intervention targeting diet improvement and substance use prevention among Latinx adolescents', Contemporary clinical trials, 89: 105914. [ PMC free article : PMC7242150 ] [ PubMed : 31843638 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 512 Ventura, A. K., K. Silva Garcia, M. Meza, E. Rodriguez, C. E. Martinez, and S. E. Whaley. 2021. 'Promoting Responsive Bottle-Feeding Within WIC: Evaluation of a Policy, Systems, and Environmental Change Approach', J Acad Nutr Diet, 02: 02. [ PubMed : 34090838 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 513 Verstraete, Stefanie. 2006. 'The effectiveness of an intervention promoting physical activity in elementary school children', Universiteit Gent (Belgium). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 514 Vidoni, Carla, Douglas J. Lorenz, and Daniela Terson de Paleville. 2014. 'Incorporating a movement skill programme into a preschool daily schedule', Early Child Development & Care, 184: 1211–22. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 515 Vogeltanz-Holm, Nancy, and Jeffrey Holm. 2018. 'Changes in body mass index during a 3-year elementary school-based obesity prevention program for American Indian and White rural students', Health Education & Behavior, 45: 277–85. [ PubMed : 28693339 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 516 Volger, Sheri, Elvira M. Estorninos, Maria R. Capeding, Jowena Lebumfacil, Diane Rigassio Radler, J. Scott Parrott, and Pamela Rothpletz-Puglia. 2018. 'Health-related quality of life, temperament, and eating behavior among formula-fed infants in the Philippines: A pilot study', Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16. [ PMC free article : PMC5994097 ] [ PubMed : 29884187 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 517 Voll, Jess. 2013. 'Determining the "Spread of Effects" of Physical Activity Interventions from Children to Parents/Guardians', Lakehead University (Canada). Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 518 Wahi, G., S. Marjerrison, C. Gutierrez, K. Krasevich, K. M. Morrison, and L. Thabane. 2022. 'Screening and addressing social needs of children and families enrolled in a pediatric weight management program: a protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial', Pilot feasibility stud, 8: 129. [ PMC free article : PMC9206074 ] [ PubMed : 35717284 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 519 Wang J, Ma J, Xu M, Li F, Ren F, Guo Y, Sheng X. 2020. 'Sex differences in the application of WHO standards to Shanghai infants from birth to 18months', Early human development, 140. [ PubMed : 31707262 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 520 Wang, Chunyun. 2012. 'Improving Health among Elementary School Children: A Comparison of Aerobic and Mind-Body Exercise', ProQuest LLC. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 521 Wang, H. Echo, Matthew Lee, Adante Hart, Amber C. Summers, Elizabeth Anderson Steeves, and Joel Gittelsohn. 2013. 'Process Evaluation of Healthy Bodies, Healthy Souls: A Church-Based Health Intervention Program in Baltimore City', Health Education Research, 28: 392–404. [ PMC free article : PMC3649211 ] [ PubMed : 23525780 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 522 Wang, J. L., J. Q. Ma, M. Y. Xu, F. Li, F. Ren, Y. F. Guo, and X. Y. Sheng. 2019. 'Comparison of the effects of different growth standards on infants in Urban Shanghai: a cluster-randomized controlled trial', Chinese medical journal, 132: 4–10. [ PMC free article : PMC6629307 ] [ PubMed : 30628953 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 523 Wang, M. L., L. S. Sprague Martinez, J. Weinberg, S. Alatorre, S. C. Lemon, and M. C. Rosal. 2021. 'A youth empowerment intervention to prevent childhood obesity: design and methods for a cluster randomized trial of the H(2)GO! program', BMC Public Health, 21: 1675. [ PMC free article : PMC8441230 ] [ PubMed : 34525990 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 524 Wang, X., J. Liu, D. Gao, Y. Li, Q. Ma, L. Chen, M. Chen, T. Ma, Y. Ma, Y. Zhang, J. Yang, Y. Dong, Y. Song, and J. Ma. 2022. 'Effectiveness of national multicentric school-based health lifestyles intervention among Chinese children and adolescents on knowledge, belief, and practice toward obesity at individual, family and schools' levels', Front Pediatr, 10: 917376. [ PMC free article : PMC9433560 ] [ PubMed : 36061391 ] Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 525 Waqa, Gade, Marj Moodie, Jimaima Schultz, and Boyd Swinburn. 2013. 'Process evaluation of a community-based intervention program: Healthy Youth Healthy Communities, an adolescent obesity prevention project in Fiji', Global Health Promotion, 20: 23–34. [ PubMed : 24469301 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 526 Washio, Y., M. Humphreys, E. Colchado, M. Sierra-Ortiz, Z. Zhang, B. N. Collins, L. M. Kilby, D. J. Chapman, S. T. Higgins, and K. C. Kirby. 2017. 'Incentive-based Intervention to Maintain Breastfeeding Among Low-income Puerto Rican Mothers', Pediatrics, 139. [ PMC free article : PMC5330404 ] [ PubMed : 28167511 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 527 Waters, E., L. Gibbs, M. Tadic, O. C. Ukoumunne, A. Magarey, A. D. Okely, A. de Silva, C. Armit, J. Green, T. O'Connor, B. Johnson, B. Swinburn, L. Carpenter, G. Moore, H. Littlecott, and L. Gold. 2017. 'Cluster randomised trial of a school-community child health promotion and obesity prevention intervention: findings from the evaluation of fun 'n healthy in Moreland!', BMC Public Health, 18: 92. [ PMC free article : PMC5543738 ] [ PubMed : 28774278 ] Ineligible study design 5–11 528 Weaver, K., D. Lubans, P. Morgan, R. Callister, D. Dewar, T. Finn, J. Smith, and R. Plotnikoff. 2012. 'Rationale and intervention description of the Supporting Children's Outcomes using Rewards, Exercise and Skills physical activity intervention', Journal of science and medicine in sport, 15: S186–S87. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 529 Weaver, R. G., B. Armstrong, E. Adams, M. Beets, J. White, K. Flory, D. Wilson, A. McLain, and B. Tennie. 2022. 'Feasibility & Preliminary Efficacy of Structured Programming and a Parent Intervention to Mitigate Accelerated Summer BMI Gain: A pilot study', Res Sq. [ PMC free article : PMC10184061 ] [ PubMed : 37189190 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 530 Weigensberg, M. J., Q. Avila, D. Spruijt-Metz, J. N. Davis, C. K. F. Wen, K. Goodman, M. Perdomo, N. B. Wade, L. Ding, and C. J. Lane. 2021. 'Imagine HEALTH: Randomized Controlled Trial of a Guided Imagery Lifestyle Intervention to Improve Obesity-Related Lifestyle Behaviors in Predominantly Latinx Adolescents', Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 27(9): 738–49. [ PMC free article : PMC8558072 ] [ PubMed : 34037459 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 531 Weigensberg, M. J., Q. Avila, D. Spruijt-Metz, J. N. Davis, C. K. F. Wen, K. Goodman, M. Perdomo, N. B. Wade, L. Ding, and C. J. Lane. 2021. 'Imagine HEALTH: Randomized Controlled Trial of a Guided Imagery Lifestyle Intervention to Improve Obesity-Related Lifestyle Behaviors in Predominantly Latinx Adolescents', J Altern Complement Med, 27: 738–49. [ PMC free article : PMC8558072 ] [ PubMed : 34037459 ] Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 532 Weigensberg, Marc J., Donna Spruijt-Metz, Cheng K. Fred Wen, Jaimie N. Davis, Quintilia Avila, Magaly Juarez, Niquelle Brown-Wade, and Christianne J. Lane. 2018. 'Protocol for the Imagine HEALTH Study: Guided imagery lifestyle intervention to improve obesity-related behaviors and salivary cortisol patterns in predominantly Latino adolescents', Contemporary clinical trials, 72: 103–16. [ PMC free article : PMC8746570 ] [ PubMed : 30076988 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 12–18 533 Weiland, A., N. Reiband, N. Schaffeler, G. Zurstiege, K. E. Giel, S. Zipfel, and I. Mack. 2022. 'A Serious Game for the Prevention of Obesity in School Children-lmpact of Parenťs Involvement: A Randomized Controlled Trial', Life (Basel), 12. [ PMC free article : PMC9225572 ] [ PubMed : 35743810 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 534 White, M. A. 2004. 'Mediators of weight loss in an internet-based intervention for African-American adolescent girls', Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 7: 3546. Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 535 Wilksch, S. M. 2015. 'School-based eating disorder prevention: a pilot effectiveness trial of teacher-delivered Media Smart', Early intervention in psychiatry, 9: 21–28. [ PubMed : 23826985 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 536 Wilksch, S. M., and T. D. Wade. 2009. 'Reduction of shape and weight concern in young adolescents: a 30-month controlled evaluation of a media literacy program', Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48: 652–61. [ PubMed : 19454921 ] Ineligible intervention aim 5–11; 12–18 537 Willis, E. A., X. Chang, F. Smith, E. Clarke, and D. S. Ward. 2022. 'Predictors of Non-Compliance with a National Early Care and Education-Based Obesity Prevention Initiative: Go NAPSACC', Am J Health Promot, 36: 864–68. [ PubMed : 35152767 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 538 Wolnicka, K., J. Charzewska, A. Taraszewska, R. Czarniecka, J. Jaczewska-Schuetz, N. Bienko, E. Olszewska, B. Wajszczyk, and M. Jarosz. 2020. 'Intervention for improvement the diet and physical activity of children and adolescents in Poland', Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig, 71: 383–91. [ PubMed : 33355408 ] Ineligible study design 5–11; 12–18 539 Wong, J. M., L. Bielak, R. G. Eddy, L. Stone, P. R. Lakin, M. Sandman, C. Devlin, L. Seger-Shippee, D. Wiroll, P. K. Luoto, G. L. Klein, D. S. Ludwig, and C. B. Ebbeling. 2018. 'An Academia-Industry Partnership for Planning and Executing a Community-Based Feeding Study', Curr Dev Nutr, 2: nzy060. [ PMC free article : PMC6163108 ] [ PubMed : 30283914 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 540 Wyse, R., T. Delaney, F. Stacey, C. Lecathelinais, K. Ball, R. Zoetemeyer, H. Lamont, R. Sutherland, N. Nathan, J. H. Wiggers, and L. Wolfenden. 2021. 'Long-term Effectiveness of a Multistrategy Behavioral Intervention to Increase the Nutritional Quality of Primary School Students' Online Lunch Orders: 18-Month Follow-up of the Click & Crunch Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial', J Med Internet Res, 23: e31734. [ PMC free article : PMC8669584 ] [ PubMed : 34847063 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 541 Yoong, S. L., N. Pearson, K. Reilly, L. Wolfenden, J. Jones, N. Nathan, A. Okely, P. J. Naylor, J. Jackson, L. Giles, N. Imad, K. Gillham, J. Wiggers, P. Reeves, K. Highfield, M. Lum, and A. Grady. 2022. 'A randomised controlled trial of an implementation strategy delivered at scale to increase outdoor free play opportunities in early childhood education and care (ECEC) services: a study protocol for the get outside get active (GOGA) trial', BMC Public Health, 22: 610. [ PMC free article : PMC8961494 ] [ PubMed : 35351035 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 542 Young, M. 2009. 'Get up and grow', Every Child, 15: 26–27. Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 543 Zafiropulos, V. Chatzi, V. Dimitropoulakis, P. Markaki, A. Fthenakis, Z. G. Thalassinos, N. Fragkiadakis, G. A. 2015. 'Preliminary results of a dietary intervention among primary school children', Obesity facts, 8:133. Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11 544 Zanganeh, M., P. Adab, B. Li, M. Pallan, W. J. Liu, K. Hemming, R. Lin, W. Liu, J. Martin, K. K. Cheng, and E. Frew. 2021. 'Cost-Effectiveness of a School-and Family-Based Childhood Obesity Prevention Programme in China: The "CHIRPY DRAGON" Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial', Int J Public Health, 66: 1604025. [ PMC free article : PMC8439195 ] [ PubMed : 34531712 ] Duplicate record 5–11; 12–18 545 Zarrett, N., L. H. Law, D. K. Wilson, M. Abraczinskas, S. Taylor, B. S. Cook, and A. Roberts. 2021. 'Connect through PLAY: a randomized-controlled trial in afterschool programs to increase adolescents' physical activity', Journal of behavioral medicine, 44: 379–91. [ PMC free article : PMC8131269 ] [ PubMed : 33677766 ] Outcome of interest was not measured 5–11; 12–18 546 Zhang, X., R. M. Martin, E. Oken, I. M. Aris, S. Yang, and M. S. Kramer. 2020. 'Growth during Infancy and Early Childhood and Its Association with Metabolic Risk Biomarkers at 11.5 Years of Age', American Journal of Epidemiology, 189(4): 286–93. [ PMC free article : PMC7305788 ] [ PubMed : 31595955 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 547 Zhong, D., M. R. Gunnar, A. S. Kelly, S. French, N. E. Sherwood, J. M. Berge, and A. Kunin-Batson. 2022. 'Household food insecurity and obesity risk in preschool-aged children: A three-year prospective study', Soc Sci Med, 307: 115176. [ PubMed : 35816836 ] Ineligible population 5–11; 12–18 Economic evidence View in own window Study Reason for exclusion Ananthapavan J, Nguyen PK, Bowe SJ, Sacks G, Mantilla Herrera AM, Swinburn B, Brown V, Sweeney R, Lal A, Strugnell C, Moodie M. Cost-effectiveness of community-based childhood obesity prevention interventions in Australia. Int J Obes (Lond). 2019 May;43(5):1102–1112. doi: 10.1038/s41366-019-0341-0. [ PubMed : 30926947 ] [ CrossRef ] Excluded as it was on a community-based intervention Derwig M, Tiberg I, Björk J, Welander Tärneberg A, Hallström IK. A child-centered health dialogue for the prevention of obesity in child health services in Sweden - A randomized controlled trial including an economic evaluation. Obes Sci Pract. 2021 Aug 12;8(1):77–90. doi: 10.1002/osp4.547. [ PMC free article : PMC8804939 ] [ PubMed : 35127124 ] [ CrossRef ] Excluded as it was on a community-based intervention Döring N, Zethraeus N, Tynelius P, de Munter J, Sonntag D, Rasmussen F. Economic Evaluation of PRIMROSE-A Trial-Based Analysis of an Early Childhood Intervention to Prevent Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Mar 14;9:104. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00104. [ PMC free article : PMC5861136 ] [ PubMed : 29593658 ] [ CrossRef ] Excluded as it was non-UK study, different from the current UK context Ekwaru JP, Ohinmaa A, Tran BX, Setayeshgar S, Johnson JA, Veugelers PJ. Cost-effectiveness of a school-based health promotion program in Canada: A life-course modeling approach. PLoS One. 2017 May 18;12(5):e0177848. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177848. [ PMC free article : PMC5436822 ] [ PubMed : 28542399 ] [ CrossRef ] Excluded as it was non-UK study, different from the current UK context Ekwaru JP, Ohinmaa A, Veugelers PJ. An Enhanced Approach for Economic Evaluation of Long-Term Benefits of School-Based Health Promotion Programs. Nutrients. 2020 Apr 16;12(4):1101. doi: 10.3390/nu12041101. [ PMC free article : PMC7230436 ] [ PubMed : 32316099 ] [ CrossRef ] Excluded as it was not a cost-utility analysis Hayes A, Lung T, Wen LM, Baur L, Rissel C, Howard K. Economic evaluation of "healthy beginnings" an early childhood intervention to prevent obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014 Jul;22(7):1709–15. doi: 10.1002/oby.20747. Epub 2014 Mar 27. [ PubMed : 24639421 ] [ CrossRef ] Excluded as it was not a cost-utility analysis Kesztyüs D, Lauer R, Kesztyüs T, Kilian R, Steinacker JM; “Join the Healthy Boat” Study Group. Costs and effects of a state-wide health promotion program in primary schools in Germany - the Baden-Württemberg Study: A cluster-randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One. 2017 Feb 21;12(2):e0172332. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172332. [ PMC free article : PMC5319648 ] [ PubMed : 28222101 ] [ CrossRef ] Excluded as it was non-UK study, different from the current UK context Oosterhoff M, Over EAB, van Giessen A, Hoogenveen RT, Bosma H, van Schayck OCP, Joore MA. Lifetime cost-effectiveness and equity impacts of the Healthy Primary School of the Future initiative. BMC Public Health. 2020 Dec 9;20(1):1887. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-09744-9. [ PMC free article : PMC7724829 ] [ PubMed : 33297992 ] [ CrossRef ] Excluded due to serious methodological limitations as the treatment effects were estimated from a quasi-experimental study where schools are not randomised. Rush E, Obolonkin V, McLennan S, Graham D, Harris JD, Mernagh P, Weston AR. Lifetime cost effectiveness of a through-school nutrition and physical programme: Project Energize. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2014 Mar-Apr;8(2):e115–22. doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.03.005. [ PubMed : 24743006 ] [ CrossRef ] Excluded due to serious methodological limitations as the study did not use data from a RCT. Project Energize was originally designed as a RCT and ran for 2 years. After then, the programme was implemented in schools across the region. The study was based on data after the programmes was rolled out across the region. Sutherland R, Reeves P, Campbell E, Lubans DR, Morgan PJ, Nathan N, Wolfenden L, Okely AD, Gillham K, Davies L, Wiggers J. Cost effectiveness of a multi-component school-based physical activity intervention targeting adolescents: the 'Physical Activity 4 Everyone' cluster randomized trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016 Aug 22;13(1):94. doi: 10.1186/s12966-016-0418-2. [ PMC free article : PMC4994166 ] [ PubMed : 27549382 ] [ CrossRef ] Excluded as it was not a cost-utility analysis Tran HNQ, Killedar A, Tan EJ, Moodie M, Hayes A, Swinburn B, Nichols M, Brown V. Cost-effectiveness of scaling up a whole-of-community intervention: The Romp & Chomp early childhood obesity prevention intervention. Pediatr Obes. 2022 Sep;17(9):e12915. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12915. [ PMC free article : PMC9540361 ] [ PubMed : 35301814 ] [ CrossRef ] Excluded as it was a community based RCT Vieira M, Carvalho GS. Costs and benefits of a school-based health intervention in Portugal. Health Promot Int. 2019 Dec 1;34(6):1141–1148. doi: 10.1093/heapro/day085. [ PubMed : 30339196 ] [ CrossRef ] Excluded due to applicability and methodological limitations. The cost-consequence analysis had a short time-horizon and used a societal perspective. Moreover, treatment effects were estimated comparing treated schools with a non-randomised control group. Wyatt K, Lloyd J, Creanor S, Green C, Dean SG, Hillsdon M, Abraham C, Tomlinson R, Pearson V, Taylor RS, Ryan E, Streeter A, McHugh C, Hurst A, Price L, Crathorne L, Krägeloh C, Siegert R, Logan S. Cluster randomised controlled trial and economic and process evaluation to determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a novel intervention [Healthy Lifestyles Programme (HeLP)] to prevent obesity in school children. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2018 Jan. [ PubMed : 29356471 ] Excluded as it was not a cost-utility analysis CI: confidence interval; ICER: incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; QALY: quality adjusted life year Appendix K. Research recommendations – full details No research recommendations were made. Appendix L. GRADE Criteria Children aged 2-4 years (PDF, 110K) Children aged 5-11 years and 12 to 18 years (PDF, 129K) Final Evidence reviews underpinning recommendations 1.6.1 to 1.6.8 These evidence reviews were developed by NICE Disclaimer : The recommendations in this guideline represent the view of NICE, arrived at after careful consideration of the evidence available. When exercising their judgement, professionals are expected to take this guideline fully into account, alongside the individual needs, preferences and values of their patients or service users. The recommendations in this guideline are not mandatory and the guideline does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of the individual patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their carer or guardian. Local commissioners and/or providers have a responsibility to enable the guideline to be applied when individual health professionals and their patients or service users wish to use it. They should do so in the context of local and national priorities for funding and developing services, and in light of their duties to have due regard to the need to eliminate unlawful discrimination, to advance equality of opportunity and to reduce health inequalities. Nothing in this guideline should be interpreted in a way that would be inconsistent with compliance with those duties. NICE guidelines cover health and care in England. Decisions on how they apply in other UK countries are made by ministers in the Welsh Government , Scottish Government , and Northern Ireland Executive . All NICE guidance is subject to regular review and may be updated or withdrawn. Copyright © NICE 2025. Bookshelf ID: NBK612548 PMID: 40043156 Share Views PubReader Print View Cite this Page Evidence reviews for the effectiveness of healthy living programmes in preventing overweight and obesity in children and young people: Overweight and obesity management: preventing, assessing and managing overweight and obesity: Evidence review H. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2025 Jan. (NICE Guideline, No. 246.) PDF version of this title (5.5M) In this Page Effectiveness of healthy living programmes in children and young people Appendices Other titles in this collection NICE Evidence Reviews Collection Related NICE Guideline NICE NG 246: Overweight and obesity management Supplemental NICE documents Economic model report (PDF) Inequality analysis of health outcomes of different diets in achieving and maintaining weight loss (PDF) Methods (PDF) Related information PMC PubMed Central citations PubMed Links to PubMed Similar articles in PubMed The effectiveness of web-based programs on the reduction of childhood obesity in school-aged children: A systematic review. [JBI Libr Syst Rev. 2012] The effectiveness of web-based programs on the reduction of childhood obesity in school-aged children: A systematic review. Antwi F, Fazylova N, Garcon MC, Lopez L, Rubiano R, Slyer JT. JBI Libr Syst Rev. 2012; 10(42 Suppl):1-14. 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Strategies to improve the implementation of healthy eating, physical activity and obesity prevention policies, practices or programmes within childcare services. [Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020] Strategies to improve the implementation of healthy eating, physical activity and obesity prevention policies, practices or programmes within childcare services. Wolfenden L, Barnes C, Jones J, Finch M, Wyse RJ, Kingsland M, Tzelepis F, Grady A, Hodder RK, Booth D, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Feb 10; 2(2):CD011779. Epub 2020 Feb 10. Strategies to improve the implementation of healthy eating, physical activity and obesity prevention policies, practices or programmes within childcare services. [Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016] Strategies to improve the implementation of healthy eating, physical activity and obesity prevention policies, practices or programmes within childcare services. Wolfenden L, Jones J, Williams CM, Finch M, Wyse RJ, Kingsland M, Tzelepis F, Wiggers J, Williams AJ, Seward K, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 4; 10(10):CD011779. Epub 2016 Oct 4. See reviews... See all... Recent Activity Clear Turn Off Turn On Evidence reviews for the effectiveness of healthy living programmes in preventin... Evidence reviews for the effectiveness of healthy living programmes in preventing overweight and obesity in children and young people Your browsing activity is empty. Activity recording is turned off. Turn recording back on See more... Follow NCBI Twitter Facebook LinkedIn GitHub NCBI Insights Blog Connect with NLM Twitter Facebook Youtube National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville Pike Bethesda, MD 20894 Web Policies FOIA HHS Vulnerability Disclosure Help Accessibility Careers NLM NIH HHS USA.gov