Towards Genuine Coexistence: Per-Satellite Emission and Radiation Limits to Protect Radio Astronomy and Geodetic VLBI at 1-14 GHz from Satellite Constellations

Geodetic very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) is a vulnerable application of the radio astronomy service (RAS): it provides the fundamental link between the celestial and terrestrial reference frames, and is the only technique that uniquely determines UT1-UTC. The next-generation geodetic VLBI G