Austria

Philosophy in the German-speaking world can usefully be divided into two distinct traditions, which we might refer to as the German and the Austrian (or Austro-Hungarian) traditions, respectively. The main line of the first begins with Kant, Fichte, Hegel, and Schelling and ends with Martin Heidegger, Theodor Adorno (1903-1969), and Ernst Bloch. The main line of the second, which embraces the philosophy of Prague, Lemberg (now Lvov), and Cracow as much as that of Vienna and Graz, begins with Bernard Bolzano (1781-1848), Ernst Mach (1838-1916), and Alexius Meinong (1853-1920), and ends with Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951 ), Otto Neurath (1882-1945), and Karl Popper ( 1909-1994).