Borromean Rings: Chance and Complementarity, Homology and Archetype, Analogy and Prototype

In this article, we develop the Borromean rings metaphor for the complex entanglement of three threads with complementary pairs of concepts, like Chance and Complementarity, Homology and Archetype, and Analogy and Prototype. The context of application of these concepts includes biological theories of evolution, the means and methods used for studying divergence and convergence processes leading to life forms most beautiful, and their organization in a tree of life of phylogenetic history. Moreover, we suggest innovative definitions for the concepts of Analogy and Prototype, and motivate their use for acquiring valuable quantitative information leading to powerful methods of analysis that, in turn, can be helpful for reaching correct and clear conclusions while avoiding logical traps and pitfalls. Furthermore, we explain how the concepts of Analogy and Prototype can support teleological or functional interpretations. Finally, we consider philosophical consequences of these discussions concerning the use and meaning of language, and indicate some topics for further research.