Conceptual Framework for Understanding Commonalities and Differences in Extreme Political Content Using Misinformation on Different Social Media Platforms

Conceptual Framework for Understanding Commonalities and Differences in Extreme Political Content Using Misinformation on Different Social Media Platforms | Zenodo Skip to main Communities My dashboard Log in Sign up Zenodo is currently experiencing slowness and intermittent outages due to heavy automated traffic from bots and AI crawlers. We are aware of the problem, and our team is focused on stabilizing the service. Thank you for your patience. DEMINE Published April 30, 2026 | Version v1 Project deliverable Open Conceptual Framework for Understanding Commonalities and Differences in Extreme Political Content Using Misinformation on Different Social Media Platforms Authors/Creators Arena, Chiara Caterina 1 Nangle, Benjamin 1 Azadi, Tania 1 d'Haenens, Leen 1 Show affiliations 1. KU Leuven Description Extreme political content increasingly circulates on social media platforms in forms that fall below the thresholds that trigger platform moderation or legal intervention, yet still contribute to polarisation, the erosion of institutional trust, and shifts in the boundaries of acceptable public discourse. Crucially, such content often operates through mechanisms of misinformation and disinformation, where misleading, unverifiable or strategically framed information is embedded within narratives that are difficult to categorise as explicitly false or harmful. This blurring of boundaries complicates both conceptualisation and governance. This report addresses these challenges by examining socially unacceptable extreme discourse (SUEDs) at the intersection with information disorder. It proceeds in two parts: a scoping review mapping the state of the field, and a case study demonstrating the practical limits of existing definitional frameworks when applied to content that is deliberately designed to evade classification. The report recommends that policy and platform governance frameworks develop cumulative effect analysis tools, introduce format-specific moderation criteria for long-form content, recognise explicit discussion of boundary-shifting strategies as a potential indicator of strategic content production, and combine qualitative interpretive analysis with computational detection to identify patterns that keyword-based systems are structurally unable to capture. Attention should be paid to forms of misinformation and disinformation that are embedded in or co-evolve with such content, including misleading framing, selective use of evidence, and narratives that are difficult to classify as explicitly false yet contribute to the cumulative effects of socially unacceptable extreme discourse. Files D1.2.pdf Files (935.7 kB) Name Size Download all D1.2.pdf md5:a4656c6dad4ef846f2b8c16011e80d0b 935.7 kB Preview Download Additional details Funding European Union Horizon Europe Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Doctoral Networks 101167978. 53 Views 37 Downloads Show more details All versions This version Views Total views 53 53 Downloads Total downloads 37 37 Data volume Total data volume 42.1 MB 42.1 MB More info on how stats are collected.... Versions External resources Indexed in OpenAIRE Communities Details DOI DOI Badge DOI 10.5281/zenodo.20050755 Markdown [](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20050755) reStructuredText .. image:: https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.20050755.svg :target: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20050755 HTML <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20050755"><img src="https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.20050755.svg" alt="DOI"></a> Image URL https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.20050755.svg Target URL https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20050755 Resource type Project deliverable Publisher Zenodo Rights License Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International The Creative Commons Attribution license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited. Read more Copyright © The Author(s) 2026. Citation Export Technical metadata Created May 6, 2026 Modified May 6, 2026 Jump up About About Policies Infrastructure Principles Projects Roadmap Contact Blog Blog Support Help FAQ Developers REST API OAI-PMH Contribute GitHub Donate Funded by Powered by CERN Data Centre & InvenioRDM Status Privacy policy Cookie policy Terms of Use This site uses cookies. Find out more on how we use cookies Accept all cookies Accept only essential cookies

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